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FACILITY WATCH
MODELLING Wembley Stadium WIND
that the Chinese building authorities had not seen in the past and as a result it took some persuasion for them to accept this type of analysis.
The prediction of the dynamic responses on the moving roof and the arch suspension structures at Wembley Stadium were in themselves very diffi cult to model in the wind tunnel and a very sophisticated model representing the stadium was required.
Our work on stadiums in much of the Middle East require a combination of physical modelling and numerical analyses to determine the thermal comfort of the spectators as many are designed to have air conditioning but also open roof apertures.
The Wimbledon centre court required multiple assessments in order to measure the behaviour of the retractable roof, as in its deployed state
it has the potential to bellow unless the wind loading is controlled to sit below specifi ed thresholds.
Is the market for wind testing sport venues as developed in the US as in Europe, or more so?
US-based designers are certainly as developed in the application of wind tunnel testing to the design of state- of-the-art large scale sports stadiums. The recent and current generation of retrofi t/expansion and new build stadiums in the US are designed with the same level of sophistication as their European counterparts.
Wind tunnel testing is very much embedded in the design process in the US by virtue of its signifi cant potential to form the basis of value engineering for key elements of modern stadiums.
What is the signifi cance of climate in North America and Europe?
One of the biggest differences between European projects and US projects is the climate. The entire East and Gulf coast of the US is affected by hurricanes, and these winds tend to be much stronger than the governing synoptic winds that prevail in most of Europe. Although this difference in the climate doesn’t change the methodology of the physical model wind tunnel testing or the numerical modelling approach it does change some other aspects, such as methodology of defi ning the wind speeds considered in the design. In hurricane regions, Monte Carlo analysis is used to defi ne the risk associated with various wind events. In many parts of the US and Canada, snow loading and wind-drifted snow can be much more onerous for the stadium design than in many parts of Europe. Often snow can be the governing load condition and quantifying how snow slides or sticks to varied architectural shapes can present some unique challenges.
Bird’s Nest stadium 31
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