GEO-6 Regional Assessment for Africa


such, protected areas now cover 2.4 per cent of the marine areas within national jurisdiction (0–200 nautical miles) in Africa. This is admittedly lower than the comparable global average of 8.4 per cent (Deguignet et al. 2014) (Figures 2.4.6 and 2.4.7). given both the vastness of the global oceans which largely comprise Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ), and that global marine protected areas cover just 3.4 per cent of these (Juffe-Bignoli et al. 2014), when recent trends are extrapolated, Africa’s efforts are unlikely to ensure that 10 per cent of the total marine area is protected by 2020. In the medium to long term, resolute implementation of the 2050 Africa Integrated Marine (AIM) Strategy and African Union Agenda 2063 can bridge this gap. Together, these policies provide a broad framework for the protection and sustainable use of Africa’s marine domain for optimum well-being and wealth creation, primarily through the development of the blue economy. AIM, for example, envisages the utilization of maritime spatial planning to balance seemingly competing interests of use and conservation while Agenda 2063 prioritizes conservation of marine habitats and biodiversity under its goal of building environmentally sustainable and climate- resilient economies and communities. However, these must be underpinned by addressing marine pollution, especially from land-based activities as emphasized in SDG 14 Target 1. In addition, increasing the economic benefits Small Island


Developing States (SIDS) draw from marine biodiversity and other resources as envisaged by SDG 14 Targets 7 and 8 is not just equitable; it will incentivize these SIDS to promote sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. This will result in a win-win scenario for both these States and the environment.


The conservation and maintenance of genetic resources and genetic diversity highlight the intrinsic value of these resources (Freeman III et al. 2014). In addition, they can be harnessed to increase plant and animal productivity and to adapt to a changing climate (in line with SDG 13), drought and disease prevalence (Leadley et al. 2014). Therefore, as posited by ELI (2004), genetic resources are vital for food security (SDG 2), human health (SDG 3) and poverty reduction (SDG 1).


The majority of Africa’s genetic varieties with a known status are classified as not at risk. An evaluation of Africa’s avian and mammalian breeds classified 289 (31.8 per cent) of them as not at risk, 42 (4.6 per cent) as endangered, 22 (2.4 per cent) as critically endangered and 34 (3.7 per cent) as extinct (FAO 2013) (Table 2.4.1). Measures should be instituted to assess the status of 520 species (57.3 per cent) that currently have an unknown risk status so that commensurate conservation measures can be designed (Leadley et al. 2014).


Table 2.4.1: Risk status of mammalian and avian livestock breeds Critical 8


Africa avian Global avian


Africa mammalian


Africa avian and mammalian Global mammalian


Global avian and mammalian Source: Abridged from FAO 2013


Endangered 12


261 14 22


432 693


466 30 42


722 1 188


Extinct 2


64 32 34


564 624


Not at risk 69


580 220 289


2 396 2 976


Unknown 132 930 388 520


1 847 2 777


Total 223


2 301 684 907


5 961 8 262


90

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