GEO-6 Regional Assessment for Africa


Figure 2.5.3: Basic needs, shelter factors, personal factors and endogenous factors interact in a holistic network to determine health outcomes


in of various government departments that would then work cooperatively to achieve the anticipated policy outcomes, such an interdisciplinary approach would ensure that hazards are not simply shifted from one geographic location to another, or one medium to another, such as toxic fumes from industries to the ambient environment or industrial waste from factory dumpsite to communally shared water resources.


Source: Gohlke and Portier 2007


Central and West Africa and other parts of the world (WHO 2016), call for increased surveillance (More... 25).


Since environmental health problems are so multi-faceted and do not respect political borders, there is need for holistic policymaking that incorporates the inputs of experts from environmental, health, finance, economic planning and other government departments. A multi-disciplinary team would also need to continually survey the policy landscape and fill any gaps that are identified. Besides assuring the buy-


Another benefit of the inter-sectoral approach is that it can use economic tools to quantify the environmental and health impacts of several alternatives and translate these impacts into the monetary terms that can then inform decision making. Moreover, “using the tools of economic valuation to address health and environmental problems creates other synergies. It contributes to a greater appreciation of the goods and services provided by natural ecosystems. It can help decision-makers to identify mutually beneficial strategies that simultaneously promote human well-being and environmental protection and development, as well as poverty reduction” (WHO and UNEP 2004). Box 2.5.1 demonstrates the extent to which economic valuation tools helped the Kenya Government to better appreciate the ecosystem services provided by its montane forests. Following publication of the report from which the Box is excerpted, the Kenya Water Towers Agency was established in April 2012 to “coordinate and oversee the protection, rehabilitation and conservation, and sustainably manage all the critical water towers” which consist of 18 gazetted montane forests (Kenya Water Towers Agency 2016).


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