List of Figures Figure 1.1.1: Change in working age population, 1950–2100


Figure 1.1.2: Shrinking per person land availability in Africa, 1950–2050 Figure 1.1.3: The effect of illegal wildlife trafficking on the black rhinoceros Figure 1.1.4: Africa at night


Figure 1.1.5: World domestic extraction by region, 1970–2010 Figure 2.1.1: Direct black carbon radiation from residential kerosene lighting (W/m2 )


Figure 2.1.2: Exposure of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometres or less (PM10 in 1 100 urban areas, 2003–2010


) 28


Figure 2.1.3: Observed and simulated variations in past and projected future annual average temperature over Africa 32 Figure 2.1.4: Countries with regular air quality monitoring in all main cities Figure 2.2.1: Current and potential arable land in Africa Figure 2.2.2: Total fertilizer consumption in Africa, 2002–2012


Figure 2.2.3: Global Hunger Index and irrigation coverage in sub-Saharan African nations, 2011 Figure 2.2.4: Mwekera National Forest Reserve, Zambia, 1972 and 2011 Figure 2.2.5: Africa natural forest area and trend by sub-region, 1990–2015 Figure 2.2.6: Nyamongo gold mine Figure 2.2.7: Land degradation in Africa


Figure 2.2.8: Number and share of people without access to electricity, by country, 2012 Figure 2.2.9: Progress on MDG 1, Target C to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Figure 2.2.10: Per capita food production index Figure 2.2.11: CAADP country process


Figure 2.3.1: Renewable internal freshwater resources per person in 1 000m3 Figure 2.3.2: Africa’s access to drinking water, 2005–2012 Figure 2.3.3: Annual water-level variations in Lake Victoria


Figure 2.3.4: Declining water levels in Lake Haromaya, Ethiopia, 1975–2005 Figure 2.3.5: Distribution of dams across Africa


Figure 2.3.6: Total water stored in the land annually in Africa, 2003–2012 Figure 2.3.7: Annual precipitation over Africa, 2003–2012 Figure 2.3.8: Groundwater storage in Africa


Figure 2.3.9: Transboundary aquifers and international river and lake basins in Africa Figure 2.3.10: Africa’s major wetlands


Figure 2.3.11: African cities at risk due to sea-level rise Figure 2.3.12: Aquaculture catch in Africa, 2005–2011


Figure 2.3.13: West African Large Marine Ecosystem boundaries for the Canary, Guinea and Benguela Current LMEs, and reconstructed marine catches by fishing sector for the Gambia (a), Liberia (b) and Namibia (c), respectively representing the LMEs


Figure 2.3.14: Percentage of the 2012 Global Population that Gained Access to Water Supply


Figure 2.4.1: Cropland in Africa - expansion of the area under cultivation is a major threat to biodiversity loss Figure 2.4.2: Africa’s forests: some of the continent’s most important habitats Figure 2.4.3: Recorded number of rhinos poached in South Africa


35 38 39 40 42 42 44 47 51 52 53 54 58 57 62 62 63 64 64 65 66 67 69 71


72 75 78 79 83


15 16 17 19 21 27


203

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