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Wearables for Health: Hybrid Electronics with Medical Sensors
Electronic & Engineering Materials Continued from page 62
the analysis is performed. It can be used for food analysis, process con- trol and point-of-care diagnostics. Silicon electrical biochip arrays
are currently produced on PET foil. Flexible biosensors can be an excel- lent complement to silicon-based devices for use in wearables. There
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measures plantar pressure distribu- tion and gives feedback on the wear- er’s movement patterns. The completed product will con-
sist of sensors, flexible electronics and bendable polymer secondary cell all contained in the insole. Data is transferred wirelessly to a computer
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Screen-printed sensors with carbon, gold and silver/silver-chloride electrodes (left). Hybrid sensor systems on flexible substrates (right).
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are only minor differences between the measurements taken by tradi- tional technology and flexible sen- sors, where the metal electrodes have been made by wet-etching or by screen printing. In the near future, Fraunhofer plans to build flexible biochips into wearables for use in glucose and lactate detection in dia- betes monitoring, as well as in sports medicine. The institute is also devel- oping screen-printed biosensors that combine both immunosensors and enzyme sensors.
Human Body Analysis A current project is a wearable
system that measures the concentra- tion of lactate in sweat. Developed for sports applications, it is based on a continuous enzyme sensor. The cavity-type, three-electrode sensor oxidizes lactate in sweat and then electrochemically detects hydrogen peroxide. The lactate oxidase is immobi-
lized inside the cavity of an agarose- gel matrix. An adhesive polyester foil is used to seal the top of the cavity. The lactate values of saliva and blood correlate, which is then measured in sweat by the wearable sensor. Electrochemical biosensors in -
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tegrated in multilayer flexible cir- cuits for data evaluation, highly com- plex systems, are now possible on bendable foil. The circuit is regulated by a
microcontroller and the analyzed data are sent by Bluetooth to a smart- phone. Prototypes are being tested to check their resistance to stress, shear, bond strength, temperature, and other environmental influences. The devices can be molded into plaster and be used for skin contact or sewn into clothing. Another of Fraunhofer’s proj-
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ects focuses on what it calls “acoustic gait analysis.” Its purpose is to cor- rect and optimize human gait and run movements to prevent injury during sports, for rehabilitation and leisure athletic activity. A flexible sensor insole in the bottom of a shoe
or handheld device. An interesting part of the device
is its acoustic feedback. The system uses a combination of harmonic and dissonant sounds that are played in earphones for wearers to gauge their motion. A more complex version of the product for professional use and medical observation, disease treat- ment after injury, or for serious ill- ness is also being developed. For the aging population in
countries plagued by decreasing numbers of medical workers, the institute is working on devices that track body motion. The motion-track- ing system uses piezoelectric sensors
Electrochemical biosensors integrated in
multilayer flexible circuits for data evaluation, highly complex systems, are now possible on bendable foil.
placed on various part of the body and was first tested on subjects’ wrists and elbows. The technology can help to prevent injuries in the elderly and others who are in danger of being hurt at work or at home. Wearables are becoming an
advanced tool for the medical field to use in data acquisition and analysis. The Fraunhofer Institute is also looking for collaborators to aid in the research and development of this technology and later to partner for mass production. Useful in applications from dia-
betes monitoring and other chronic disease screenings to athletic per- formance adjustments and rehabili- tation after injuries, hybrid electron- ic technology is proving a valuable asset to the field. Contact: Fraunhofer Institute
for Silicon Technology, Fraunhoferstrasse 1, D-25524 Itzehoe, Germany % +49-4821- 174605 fax: +49-4821-174690 Web:
www.isit.fraunhofer.de r
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