Transcripts
5.3 a Well, make up your mind! b Do you mind if I write that down? c Never mind, it’s only a quiz! d But you’ve got to bear in mind that the whole body is mostly made up of water.
e No wait! I’ve changed my mind! f … when I’ve got a lot on my mind …
5.4 a A The houses may be sinking. B They could be sinking, but there’s no water, or sign of a hole.
b A There might have been an earthquake. B It can’t have been an earthquake because the houses are not damaged.
c A It could be an illusion that the houses are leaning. B It must be an illusion because the clouds are at an angle.
d A How was the photo taken? B The photographer must have taken the photo at an angle.
5.5 must have should have can’t have could have might have may have
5.6 Recently, some education experts have become concerned by the concentration levels of students. In an effort to confront this problem, several schools and universities have started regular sessions in an exercise called ‘mindfulness’. The idea of mindfulness is nothing new. In fact, it’s originally from Far East philosophies hundreds of years old. However, it has become popular in Western societies, not with religious connections, but as a way of improving health, both mentally and physically. Today, there are mindfulness sessions in many workplaces, and it’s even practised in some schools with children as young as five. But what does it involve? It can be summarized in three main ideas. Firstly, being mindful means living in the present moment, not regretting the past or worrying about the future. In other words, being aware of now. Secondly, with mindfulness you notice the thoughts going through your mind. You don’t judge these thoughts as bad or wrong, you simply notice them. Thirdly, you pay attention to everything you are experiencing. You actually taste the food you eat, you feel how your body moves as you walk, run or swim. So, what are the benefits of mindfulness? Well, there are many. It improves concentration and it reduces stress and depression. It has even been shown to boost the immune system. In other words, mindfulness can help us fight diseases and infections.
Admittedly, there have been some criticisms of mindfulness. Nothing is perfect. Some people have found that concentrating on their thoughts has not always been positive. After all, not all thoughts are nice, and sometimes they can be painful; they can make people uncomfortable. Then there are the people who find mindfulness too difficult. As with any skill, learning can be frustrating, especially at the beginning of the process.
Unit 6
6.1 A Right, we need quite a lot of things from the supermarket. Shall I write a list?
B No, there’s no need. I’ll remember. A Really?! B Yeah, no problem. So what do we need? A Well, there’s bananas, oranges, apples … B Yep … A Er … carrots, potatoes, onions … B OK. What else? A Are you remembering all this? OK, we need cereal, bread, some butter and a block of cheese. And some yoghurt.
B Uh-huh. Is that everything? A We need toothpaste, shampoo, tissues and some washing powder. And that’s it, I think.
B OK. I can remember that. Let’s go!
6.2 When we talk about memory we should remember that there are actually three types of memory and they are all used in the process of remembering something for a period of time. There is sensory memory, then there is working memory. Finally, there is long-term memory. These act as a kind of filter because we receive massive amounts of information and, of course, we don’t want to store it all. The process begins when we receive information or stimuli. These stimuli could be through something we see, hear, touch, smell, and so on, and they are received by our sensory memory. The sensory memory is capable of receiving huge amounts of information, but it can’t retain much, nor can it hold the information for a long time. It can hold three to seven units of information and only for less than a second. Most of the information received will then be forgotten. However, the working memory will pay attention to any information that seems important, while ignoring any information that doesn’t. In the working memory, about seven units can be stored for a maximum of 30 seconds. This is if the information is not repeated. However, the more often information is repeated, or used, the higher the chance that it will move through to the long- term memory. As this process occurs, it is put into a kind of code so that it can be stored. As the name suggests, the long-term memory can potentially remember information forever, for a lifetime. Again, this is achieved through repetition. And there are no limits to how much information
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