54 ORAL CARE


at varying temperatures, which is closely connected to the solubility curve of erythritol (Fig 2). In a preliminary screening trial, basic


formulations with an erythritol-water ratio of 0.8:1, 0.9:1 and 1:1 were compared, keeping the water content constant at 34% while increasing erythritol content at the expense of glycerol. To check crystal stability, the formulations were exposed to temperature cycles between 40°C and 1°C. As shown in Figure 3A, a low erythritol to water ratio resulted in dissolution at high temperatures and uncontrolled re- crystallisation at lower temperatures, leading to the formation of large crystals of up to 1 cm in diameter (Fig 3B). In contrast, a higher erythritol to water ratio prevented the formation of large crystals (Fig 3C and D).


In addition, saturation with sorbitol is another approach to prevent uncontrolled re-crystallisation of the dissolved proportion of erythritol. This was demonstrated by comparing a 30% erythritol solution in distilled water at 1°C when adding up to 225% sorbitol. While one large crystal formed when no sorbitol was added, only fine crystals appeared in the sorbitol- saturated solution (Fig 4). As a result of these observations, Jungbunzlauer’s prototype toothpaste was formulated with 38% (w/w) Erylite, keeping the water content in the formulation as low as possible (13.3% w/w) and saturating it with sorbitol (21% w/w) (Table 2). This toothpaste features a refreshing mouth feel, pleasant texture and stable erythritol crystals.


Furthermore, the low water activity of aw


= 0.605 resulting from the low overall water content and saturation with polyols helps prevent microbial spoilage of the product. Indeed, the toothpaste formulation passed the microbial spoilage test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 11903 both with and without 0.1% sodium benzoate as an additional preservative agent. This observation raises the possibility of formulating a toothpaste based on natural ingredients using erythritol.


Conclusion


Erythritol has excellent nutritional properties and advantages over other polyols, having zero calorific value and glycaemic index and much greater digestive tolerance, and being produced by natural fermentation. Erythritol can be used effectively in dental health products as a xylitol replacement, functioning as a sweetening ingredient which provides excellent non- cariogenic properties. In addition to positively influencing the oral microbiome, erythritol can support remineralisation by forming complexes with calcium ions.


PERSONAL CARE EUROPE


Table 2: Formulation of Jungbunzlauer toothpaste prototype with cooling crystals of Erylite® Ingredients


INCI


Demin. water Phoskadent SF Zinc Lactate


Potassium Citrate Sodium Benzoate


Beauté by Roquette PO160 Glycerine


Xanthan Gum FN-OC Zeodent 103 Zeodent 167 Erylite® Erylite®


-Stevia 200


Unipure Green LC 721 Stepanol WA-100 NF Aroma


Aqua


Sodium Fluoride Zinc Lactate


Potassium Citrate Sodium Benzoate Sorbitol


Glycerine


Xanthan Gum Silica Silica


Quantity


13.30% 0.30% 0.80% 2.00% 0.10%


21.00% 11.00% 0.30% 8.00% 3.00%


Erythritol, Stevia Rebaudiana Extract 4.00% Erythritol


CI 19140, CI 42090 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Mentha Spicata Herb Oil


Longer-term caries studies comparing the cariogenic effect of erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol demonstrate a slower rate of caries development and lower incidence of caries in the erythritol group compared with the sorbitol and xylitol group. The formulation of a toothpaste with a high concentration of crystalline erythritol and menthol yielded an incomparably pleasing product with a great synergistic cooling effect upon application without a preservative agent.


PC


References 1 den Hartog GJ, Boots, AW, Adam-Perrot A, et


al. Erythritol is a sweet antioxidant nutrition, Nutrition 2010; 26(4):449–458.


2 Featherstone JD, Fontana M, Wolff M. Novel anticaries and remineralization agents: future research needs. Journal of Dental Research 2018; 97(2): 125–127.


3 Scheinin A, Mäkinen KK, Tammisalo E, Rekola M. Turku sugar studies XVIII: Incidence of dental caries in relation to 1-year consumption of xylitol chewing gum’. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1975; 33(5), 269–278.


4 Nayak PA, Nayak UA, Khandelwal V. The effect of xylitol on dental caries and oral flora. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry 2014; 6: 89–94.


5 Ghezelbash GR, Nahvi I, Rabbani M. Comparative inhibitory effect of xylitol and erythritol on the growth and biofilm formation of oral Streptococci’. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2012; 6(20): 4404– 4408.


6 Park YN, Jeong SS, Zeng J, et al. Anti- cariogenic effects of erythritol on growth and


1.50% 0.70%


adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. Food Science and Biotechnology 2014; 23(5):1587– 1588.


7 Janus MM, Volgenant CMC, Brandt BW. et al. Effect of erythritol on microbial ecology of in vitro gingivitis biofilms. Journal of Oral Microbiology 2017; 9(1):1337477.


8 Runnel R, Mäkinen KK, Honkala S, et al. Effect of three-year consumption of erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol candies on various plaque and salivary caries-related variables. Journal of Dentistry 2013; 41(12): 1236–1244.


9 Honkala S, Runnel R, Saag M, et al. Effect of erythritol and xylitol on dental caries prevention in children. Caries Research 2014; 48(5): 482–490.


10 Falony G, Honkala S. Runnel R, et al. Long- term effect of erythritol on eental caries development during childhood: a posttreatment survival analysis. Caries Research 2016; 50(6): 579–588.


11 Mäkinen KK. The Latest on Sugar Substitutes of the Alditol Type with Special Consideration of Erythritol and Xylitol−Rectifications and Recommendations. Journal of Food: Microbiology, Safety & Hygiene 2017; 2(1).


12 Ichikawa T, Yano Y, Fujita Y, Kashiwabara T, Nagao K. The enhancement effect of three sugar alcohols on the fungicidal effect of benzethonium chloride toward Candida albicans. Journal of Dental Research 2008; 36: 965–968.


13 Mensi M, Cochis A, Sordillo A, Uberti F, Rimondini L. Biofilm Removal and Bacterial Re- Colonization Inhibition of a Novel Erythritol/Chlorhexidine Air-Polishing Powder on Titanium Disks. Materials 2018; 11(9): P.I.I. E1510.


June 2019


34.00% q.s.


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84