A. How Do We Know about Medieval Europe? 1. Written sources
In medieval Europe it was mostly the clergy (e.g. priests, monks) who were able to read and write. As a consequence, most written sources from that period are books about God or the lives of saints. One of the most famous religious sources was the Divine Comedy written by the Italian poet, Dante Alighieri. This book described what hell was supposed to look like and gives us an understanding of how people at this time viewed death.
Other sources include stories and poems that provide very useful information about the society. In Ireland, the medieval Book of Leinster and The Book of the Dun Cow (both from the twelfth century) include epic poems such as Táin Bó Cúailnge. These stories help historians understand what people in the Middle Ages considered to be important and valuable, e.g. cattle. In England, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales (1391). These tales or stories help us understand medieval society and the occupations that people had.
Some official records exist that show who owned land. The Domesday Book in England was written in the eleventh century and has a list of all the landowners in England. Books in Ireland such as The Book of Hy Many (1394) provide details about family trees, local histories and famous people from that time.
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Fig 4.1 A page from the Book of Leinster which is kept in Trinity College Dublin.