ThE PlAnTaTiOnS Surrender and Regrant
This meant that Irish landowners would: l Recognise Henry VIII as the King of Ireland (he had been declared King of Ireland by the Irish Parliament in 1541).
l Acknowledge that as king, Henry had title (a legal right) over all land in Ireland. l Swear an oath of loyalty to him called the Oath of Supremacy.
In return Henry VIII would: l Allow Irish landowners to be tenants on his land. l Ensure the title of the land would be valid within English law. l Give some of the more important Gaelic Irish an English peerage (title such as Earl). For example, The O’Neill of Tyrone became the Earl of Tyrone.
Surrender and Regrant meant that under the English legal system, Henry VIII could confiscate anyone’s land if they did not behave appropriately.
Now look at the table below. By using Surrender and Regrant, the leader of each clan could increase the amount of land he owned and ensure his son became the next leader. This was known as succession (when the eldest son of the family ‘succeeds’ or takes over from his father).
Overall, the policy of surrender and regrant was intended to deal with the Gaelic Irish by making them more English and part of the English legal system. This policy continued throughout the sixteenth century. However another more extreme policy was also used by the English government – the policy of plantation.
Brehon Laws • The land was owned by the whole clan. • The leader (taoiseach) was elected by the whole clan.
• A new leader would often be the strongest person from the royal family (derbhfine). This sometimes led to great fights.
• The taoiseach was only given a section of the land while he was leader.
The policy of plantation
1. The English government knew that if any Gaelic Irish lord tried to rebel, he could be evicted and his land confiscated by the king.
2. Loyal English settlers could then be planted on this land. These planters would serve a number of purposes: (a) They would spread English law and customs wherever they were planted. (b) The land would be defended from the Gaelic Irish by the planters. (c) The planters could spread the Protestant religion among the Catholic Irish.
Laois-Offaly plantation
In an attempt to further spread the power of the English crown over Ireland, first Queen Mary and then Queen Elizabeth encouraged loyal English subjects to settle in Ireland. In 1556, Queen Mary began the first plantation in Leix (Laois) and Offaly. In order to protect the Pale from attacks by Irish soldiers
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English system of Succession • The monarch owned all the land. • The landlord was a tenant of the monarch. • The eldest son of the landlord got everything. • Land was passed on from father to son. • This system resulted in increased wealth and power for one family instead of the whole clan.
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