ThE InDuStRiAl ReVoLuTiOn


someone else. As a result, wages and working conditions were kept low, and this meant large profits for the owners. Socialist writers believed that the only way to improve society was for the workers or the government to own and run the industries. In 1867, two German writers, Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), wrote Das Kapital. In this book they stated that working conditions were so bad that they believed the workers would rise up against their employers. This revolution would mean that the workers would rule instead of the rich employers. This new system was called communism.


Nationalism and imperialism During the nineteenth century, many nations across Europe sought to gain independence from empires within Europe. Greece, Germany, Belgium and Italy all became independent countries (or nation states) during the 1800s instead of being part of empires. This growth of nationalism began with the French and American revolutions and resulted in national uprisings all across Europe throughout the nineteenth century. The industrialisation of countries like France, Germany, Belgium and Italy increased their wealth and added to their sense of national confidence and modernity. As these industrialised countries in Europe and America became wealthier and more powerful they began to dominate the world. Seeking more and more raw materials, European countries chose to conquer rather than trade with large parts of Africa and the rest of the world. Germany, Belgium, and France followed Britain in creating empires across almost all of Africa. By 1914, Britain and the other European countries controlled and ruled over most of the world. The theory behind this belief of European empires was called imperialism.


Reformer Chartists Reform


Humphrey Davy Miners’ Safety Lamp


Demanded right to vote and freer elections


Robert Owen Working conditions


Edwin Chadwick Report on working conditions


Lord Shaftesbury Factory Act Year Purpose


1816 Stopped flames from lamp causing explosions in mines.


1830s To remove power of rich landowners.


1816 Improved working conditions in his cotton factory.


1842 To force the government to improve working conditions.


1833 Passed a law that made it illegal for a child less than nine years old to work in a factory.


Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels


Wrote Das Kapital


1867 Their book suggested that the dreadful working conditions would result in a workers’ revolution.


Fig 11.33 Colonial Powers in Africa in 1914.


11


295


Linking History


These economic theories of capitalism, socialism and communism had a huge influence on many people during the following century and a half. See Chapters 13, 14 and 17.


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