892 P. K. Yadav et al.
FIG. 3 Number of publications identified on tiger conservation above and below 2,000 m and in non-protected and protected areas of the Terai Arc Landscape and Himalayas of Bhutan, India, Nepal and transboundary areas (two or more nations in the same biophysical landscape), and globally (two or more countries in different biophysical landscapes).
FIG. 5 Number of publications identified in each of five themes (see text for details) in the Terai Arc Landscape and Himalayas of Bhutan, India, Nepal and transboundary areas (two or more nations in the same biophysical landscape), and globally (two or more countries in different biophysical landscapes), by year of publication (2000–2020).
Nepal via the Shivalik Hills and plains. Several studies (e.g. Anwar & Borah, 2020; Thinley et al., 2020) have examined wildlife corridors and tigermovement, providing recommen- dations to maintain corridor functionality. In the lower Himalayas, researchers have reported a stable tiger popula- tion with high reproductivity and turnover between succes- sive years (e.g. Thapa & Kelly, 2017; Thapa et al., 2017;Bisht et al., 2019; Tempa et al., 2019; Anwar & Borah, 2020), and concluded that such source populations could sustain low- level poaching and, with well-managed habitat connectivity, aid the recovery of tiger populations across the region. Thapa et al. (2018) estimated population growth rates in
FIG. 4 Number of publications identified in each of five themes (see text for details) in the Terai Arc Landscape and Himalayas of Bhutan, India, Nepal and transboundary areas (two or more nations in the same biophysical landscape), and globally (two or more countries in different biophysical landscapes).
on the retaliatory killing and poaching of tigers for their trade were categorized in the targeted tiger killing and trade theme. The categoriesweremutually exclusive; no publicationwas ca- tegorized under more than one theme. Approximately 60% of the published studies covered the
tiger habitat and ecology theme. The human–tiger conflict theme included 20% of the published studies. The human– tiger coexistence and community-based tiger conservation themes contained 9 and 7% of the publications, respectively. Only 4% of the studies focused on tiger killing and trade. Studies published during 2000–2010 covered 1–4 of the five themes, but after 2010, thematic diversity increased (Fig. 5).
Tiger habitat and ecology
The Terai Arc Landscape and the Himalayan region are home tomany species and offer south–north transboundary connectivity between tiger habitats of Bhutan, India and
Nepal and found numbers higher than expected as a result of in situ reproduction, and also concluded that tigers from India are using corridors to recolonize Nepal’s protected areas. There have been a number of studies of foraging behaviour and available prey for tigers in the Terai Arc Landscape, with recommendations to restore prey popula- tions in the region (e.g. Basak et al., 2018; Carter et al., 2019; Dorji et al., 2019). Anecdotal evidence and records indicate the presence of
tigers above 2,000 m in the region, and empirical evidence has identified habitat linkages between higher and lower ele- vations (e.g. Bhattacharya & Habib, 2016; Adhikarimayum & Gopi, 2018; GTF, 2019). It is unclear whether the increase in evidence of tigers above 2,000 m is a result of dispersal from highly disturbed and fragmented regions such as the Terai Arc Landscape or a result of more focused studies above 2,000 m. Nevertheless, there is relatively less human pressure and more intact habitat in this region. Following the St. PetersburgDeclaration in 2010, there has
been an increase in the number of studies of habitat fragmen- tation and prey depletion in the Terai Arc Landscape and Himalayan region (e.g. Aryal et al., 2012; Karki et al., 2015; Kafley et al., 2016; Lahkar et al., 2018; Tempa et al., 2019; Anwar & Borah, 2020). Monitoring the tiger population is
Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 888–896 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605322001156
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