Conservation of Vieira’s titi monkey 843 Conclusion


Deforestation, mainly driven by expansion of monoculture agriculture and cattle ranching, is a ubiquitous threat to P. vieirai, responsible for the past, present and projected future habitat losses and consequent decreases in the popu- lations of this species. These types of land use in the Arc of Deforestation have contributed directly to climate change, another major threat to P. vieirai, which we expect to cause habitat degradation and population declines even within protected areas. Primate watching could be a profitable and sustainable


alternative to the exploitation and overexploitation of nat- ural resources on private, public and Indigenous lands and could be a way to shift from the current land-use model in the Arc of Deforestation towards biodiversity con- servation. In the long term, the forests protected for and by tourism will serve as carbon stocks and sinks, contributing to the mitigation of climate change. The traditional model of predatory extraction of natural re-


sources in the Arc ofDeforestation is pushing primate species to the brink of extinction and transforming Amazonia into a source, rather than a sink, of carbon emissions. An alternate model of land use and income generation is needed ifwe are to protect the unique natural and human heritages of Amazonia and its life-supporting ecosystem services and products.


Acknowledgements We thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvol- vimento Científico e Tecnológico (140039/2018-1; 316321/2020-6), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES; 001; 88881.189052/2018-01) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas for scholarships; the Conservation Leadership Programme, Global Wildlife Conservation’sMargot Marsh Primate Action Fund and CAPES AUX/PE 3261/2013 for funding fieldwork; Idea Wild, Consórcio Usina Hidroelétrica Teles Pires and Consórcio Usina Hidroelétrica Sinop for supporting fieldwork; and Jessica dos Anjos for providing the record of Plecturocebus moloch at the Cristalino River. RC-A’s field data were collected during his doctorate research at the Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, and he led the writ- ing while affiliated with the Mastozoology Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.


Author contributions Conception: RC-A, GRC; data collection design: RC-A, FRM, RVR, GRC; data collection: all authors; mapping and species distribution modelling: LGS, FPS, with inputs from RC-A; population density analysis: FRM; writing: RC-A, with inputs from all authors.


Conflicts of interest None.


Ethical standards Fieldwork followed the code of best practices for field primatology of the International Society of Primatologists and otherwise abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards.


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Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 837–845 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S003060532100171X


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