868 P. Carignano Torres et al.


TABLE 2 Household- and community-level characteristics and variables of the study population across four Amazonian municipalities. Value of variable


Rural


Mobility variables Migrant (%)


Multi-sited household (%) Rural visits (%)


Rural livelihoods (%) 14.8 Urban 57.3


20.9 42.7 49.6


Type of variable


Binary Binary Binary Description


Whether any of the urban household heads had migrated from a rural location to the urban centre


Whether the family in the household maintains dual residence in both rural & urban areas


Binary Whether anyone in the urban household visits any rural location at least once monthly


Whether urban household economic strategies relied on rural–urban mobility; specifically, whether anyone in the household performs agricultural labour, forest resource extraction or fishing in a rural location


Urban visits (%)


Wildmeat consumption variables Median wildmeat consumption frequency (interquartile range)


Form of acquisition: purchase (% of households)


Rural community characteristics Mean ± SD community size Habitat type: floodplain (%)


Mean ± SD travel distance to town (km) 67.5


2 (6) 6.7


15.6 ± 9.1 51.4


84.4 ± 69.6 Binary


0 (2) Count 43.0


Whether anyone in the rural household visits the urban area at least once monthly


Number of meals containing wildmeat eaten in the household in the previous 30 days


Binary


Whether the wildmeat last acquired in the household was purchased


Continuous Number of households in the rural community Binary


Categorized as floodplain or non-floodplain according to leader of the rural community


Continuous Fluvial distance from the rural community to the urban centre of the municipality (from the school or community centre; some communi- ties spread over a few km), measured using a handheld GPS or in ArcGIS 10.3 (Esri, Redlands, USA)


Control variables Median monthly monetary income in BRL1 (interquartile range)


Season: low-water (%) 1Conversion rate: USD 1 = BRL 3.70.


wildmeat between rural and urban areas. We estimated mean per-capita consumption in rural and urban areas in each municipality per month and year including all sampled households (even those where wildmeat was not consumed, meaning consumption = 0). We calculated monthly per- capita consumption for each household based on the quantity consumed per meal per person multiplied by the number of meals consumed in that given household in the previous 30 days. We assessed species consumption profiles in each urban and rural area in the previous 12 months using a principal component analysis conducted in the vegan package in R. We assessed the number of times each species was consumed relative to the total number of declared events in each municipality and area (urban or rural).


Objective 2 To investigate how wildmeat access is asso- ciated with rural–urban mobility, we modelled consumption frequency (i.e. the number of wildmeat meals consumed in the previous 30 days, using a negative binomial distribution to account for excess zeros) and types of acquisition (i.e. the probability of acquiring wildmeat through different means (purchase = 1; hunted/gift = 0) based on the last acquisition, using a binomial distribution model). For both analyses we excluded households that declared no consumption in the previous 12 months, thus including 73.4%(n = 586)of sampled urban households and 98.7%(n = 307) of sam- pled rural households. We ran separate models for urban and rural samples and controlled for household- and community-level characteristics (Table 2, Supplementary


Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 864–876 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321001575


133.9 (200.3)


48.5


327.3 (451.9)


49.9


Continuous Per-capita monetary income earned from salaries, daily work, rent & other forms of remuneration & state transfer (e.g. retirement pension, conditional cash transfers) by all household members in the previous 30 days


Categorical Whether the household was surveyed in the low- or high-water season


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