866 P. Carignano Torres et al.


FIG. 1 Study area in Amazonas State in Brazil, including the four study municipalities (Table 1) and the other 39 non-road-connected towns (unsampled) in the state. Detailed maps show the locations of the 63 rural riverine communities surveyed (c. 16 in each municipality): (a) Ipixuna, (b) Jutaí, (c) Caapiranga, (d) Maués.


Methods


Sampling design In each municipality, we aimed to randomly sample 200 households from the urban centre (total 800) and 80 households from 16 surrounding rural communities (five households per community, totalling 320 households from 64 communities). The sampling in each municipality was split across two hydrological seasons, with no repeated sam- pling (i.e. the per-season aim in each municipality was 100 urban households and 40 rural households from 8 rural communities), as this affects the availability of and access to wildmeat (van Vliet et al., 2015a; Endo et al., 2016; Chaves et al., 2017). Low-water season sampling spanned August–December 2015, whereas high-water season sam- pling spanned March–July 2016. In each municipality we concentrated the sampling for each season into 4–5 weeks during the low- and high-water peaks, planned around spatial differences in hydrological seasonality (extended data avail- able in Fig. 4 of Chacón-Montalván et al., 2021).


The final sample included 198–201 urban households per


municipality (total 798) and 311 rural households from 63 communities. The lower sampling effort in rural areas was caused by us sampling nine fewer rural households (and one fewer community) than planned in Jutaí because of logis- tical issues. We chose the sampled rural communities (or settlements in places with fewer households; range: 3–42 households) to capture a gradient in travel distance from the nearest town (range: 7–249 km), locations inside and outside Sustainable Use Reserves, and different habitat types (floodplain and non-floodplain, which affects wildlife assemblages and abundance, and hunting activity; Endo et al., 2016; Pereira et al., 2019; Fig. 1). We selected urban households according to their proximity to randomized geographical coordinates, and rural households were se- lected randomly from a list informed by the community members, containing all households in each community (Supplementary Material 1). Household members included all people considered residents during the interview, even if their residency was only part-time (i.e. when the individual also spent time in rural areas or working elsewhere). Wedid


Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 864–876 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321001575


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