884 G. A. E. Cuyckens et al.
FIG. 4 Presence records of cattle with (a) predicted habitat suitability (see text for details), and (b) the human influence index (see text for details) in the Austral Yungas of Argentina.
FIG. 5 Native species richness per camera trap in relation to elevation during an 11-year camera-trap study in the Austral Yungas of Argentina.
Austral Yungas and is the southern limit of the distributions of several mammal species (Sapajus cay, Tapirus terrestris, Leopardus wiedii), emphasizing the role of this part of the ecoregion in the conservation of these species. In contrast to general patterns (Brown & Lomolino, 1998) and to those of small forest mammals in the Yungas (Ojeda et al., 2008), we found that latitude did not influence native spe- cies richness and diversity, indicating a latitudinally homo- genized native mammal community. Land protection status was the most important variable
in explaining native mammalian biodiversity.We recorded the highest values of native species richness and diversity in national parks, highlighting the importance of strictly pro- tected areas and the complementary role of small private protected lands (Johnson & Nelson, 2004; Kamal et al.,
2015), depending on their management. National Parks in Argentina are legally required to exclude cattle, although this regulation is not always implemented. They are gener- ally larger and have stricter controls than provincial and pri- vate protected areas and have historically been established in areas with low potential for economic development (Margules & Pressey, 2000; Rodrigues et al., 2004), and hence could have a higher intrinsic value for conservation. Thus, various anthropogenic factors seem to be implicated in the persistence of native large mammals in these areas. Indigenous territories, with intermediate cattle abundance, may contribute to conservation and offer a complementary institutional model to state-run protected areas (Johnson & Nelson, 2004). Provincial protected areas, with higher cattle relative abundance index, had the lowest diversity indices, similar to unprotected areas (private or state property). In low-income countries, nature conservation is not neces- sarily a priority and so-called paper parks (i.e. protected areas that only exist on paper and do not achieve conserva- tion goals), are common (Rodríguez & Rodríguez-Clark, 2001). Nevertheless, even paper parks matter (Rodríguez & Rodríguez-Clark, 2001) if they still have forest cover. To re- verse the failure in the achievement of conservation objec- tives of such paper parks in Argentina and to achieve conservation goals, we recommend lowering cattle relative abundance index to #5 (the highest limit compatible with the presence of both deer and small mammals) and estab- lishing adaptive management plans that include stricter controls than at present.
Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 877–887 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321001538
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