Narrowly endemic species 937
tourism include collection of plants by tourists, mainte- nance of trails and damage from activities such as walking, biking and vehicles (Kelly et al., 2003). A typical mainte- nance activity in Brazilian protected areas is clearing trails to keep them open for walkers. This maintenance occurs recurrently on the Três Picos trail, and led on at least one occasion to the inadvertent pruning of B. jocelinoi (Plate 1a), including of flowering individuals. A reduced number of reproductive individuals in an isolated population can decrease genetic diversity via inbreeding and genetic drift caused by low gene flow and a small effective size (Barrett & Kohn, 1991). Our research in Itatiaia National Park indicates the vul-
nerability of B. jocelinoi as its single known population lies on a trail in a severely fragmented biome. The Atlantic Forest has the largest number of Alliance for Zero Extinction sites among Brazilian biomes (Diniz et al., 2017). Based on the concepts of irreplaceability and vulner- ability (Margules & Pressey, 2000), the rediscovery of a population of B. jocelinoi indicates the need to prioritize this area for local conservation. Of 16 additional threatened species in the Park that were recorded only once prior to 1969, six were recorded during 2019–2020 (Moreira et al., 2020) but 10 have yet to be relocated. Narrowly endemic species may be best conserved by local conservation efforts (Crain et al., 2015). For this reason, we recommend the following actions for B. jocelinoi:(1)anin situ conservation plan, including studies on phenology, pol- lination, seed dispersal and population dynamics; (2)an ex situ conservation plan for greenhouse cultivation and to fos- ter ornamental use; (3) advice for tourists about threatened plant species on trails and awareness of the improper collec- tion of plants; (4) diversion of the part of the Três Picos trail where the population is located, to minimize the effects of tourism and pruning; (5) mapping other potential areas of occurrence of this species; (6) fieldwork to search for other populations in any potential areas identified. These strategies have already been proposed or are in use for the conservation of other species with a highly restricted distribution (e.g. Martinelli et al., 2011;DeLírio et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2020).
Acknowledgements We thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior for graduate scholarships to IP (88887.335096/2019-00) and JL (88882.447055/2019-01), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico–Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa and Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro–Cientista do Nosso Estado for research grants to LF and VFM, the curators of herbaria RB and SPF for access to collections, Rafael da Silva Ribeiro for the help with the map, and Itatiaia National Park staff for logistical support and encouragement.
Author contributions Data collection, species identification, figure preparation: IP, JL; writing: all authors.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards.
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Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 935–938 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321000740
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