890 P. K. Yadav et al.
FIG. 1 Locations of 216 studies published during 2000–2020 on tiger Panthera tigris conservation in the Terai Arc Landscape and Himalayas of Bhutan, India and Nepal.
co-occurrence, corridor connectivity, crop raiding, ecosystem service, forest managers, governance, habitat loss, high- altitude, Himalayas, human fatalities and injuries, hunting, India, interactions, landscape fragmentation, large apex preda- tors, large carnivores, law and enforcement, livelihoods, live- stock depredation, livestock loss, local people, management, national park, Nepal, occupancy, Panthera tigris,perception, poaching, predators, prey depletion, protected areas, retali- ation, Shivalik hills, social capital, stakeholders, sustainability, Terai Arc Landscape, tiger reserve, tigers, tourism, trade, un- gulates, and village relocation. Following the identification of search terms, we devel-
oped Boolean search strings, for example ‘tiger* conserva- tion*’, ‘coexist* AND conflict*’, ‘livestock* AND human* depredation*’ and ‘poaching* OR killing*’. These Boolean search strings were used to optimize the likelihood of find- ing relevant publications focused on tiger conservation in the Himalayan region and Terai Arc Landscape. During the construction of our final search strategy, we
specified temporal, geographical and source type inclusion and exclusion criteria.We included peer-reviewed journal ar- ticles and technical reports published in English by govern- mental and non-governmental agencies during 2000–2020 (10 years before and after the 2010 St. PetersburgDeclaration). Geographically, we only included research focused on the Terai Arc Landscape and the Himalayan region of tiger range countries (Bhutan, India and Nepal; Fig. 1). We excluded publications that reviewed general issues,
provided perspectives or were opinion papers (e.g. Yeh, 2012; Gour & Reddy, 2015). Similarly, we did not include news articles, press releases, conference proceedings or gen- eral books about tiger conservation. Academic theses and dissertations were excluded because they are not peer- reviewed. Additionally, we also excluded reports and articles that contained only a tangential focus on tiger conservation (e.g. Heinen & Shrivastava, 2009). We acknowledge that
some important tiger conservation research may not be published in peer-reviewed journals or scientific reports and therefore was not captured in this scoping review.
Data collection and screening
For data collection,we followed a protocol used in similar lit- erature review studies (e.g. Holland et al., 2018; Turner et al., 2020) to ensure transparency, minimize subjectivity and en- sure a robust and replicable process (see screening process outlined in Fig. 2). Initially, we identified 421 potentially rele- vant publications; after removing duplicates, we retained 397 for further screening. Two researchers independently screened the publications using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, initially focusing on abstracts and titles, yielding 273 publications. Finally, we screened the contents of each article for alignment with our purpose and adherence to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which resulted in a final total of 216 publications (Supplementary Material 1).
Data charting
We recorded the complete reference, general themes and geographical locations of the 216 publications, including the country of the study and the geographical coordinates where available. We categorized studies that shared two or more nations in the same biophysical landscape as trans- boundary research. If research was conducted in two or more countries in different biophysical landscapes, it was categorized as a global study. Protected areas, including tiger reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, have legal protection and resources for protecting tigers and their habitats, and thereforewe also categorized studies according to whether they occurred within or outside a protected area.
Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 888–896 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605322001156
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