TABLE 1(Cont.)


Protected area (by country)


Area (km2)


IUCN category1


7,880 II


World Heritage Site?


Upemba-Kundelungu 24,600 II, VI No Virunga


Niger Termit & Tin-Toumma8


Nigeria Gashaka Gumta9


Rwanda Akagera


Nyungwe 97,000 IV 6,402 II 1,122 II 1,019 II No No No No Yes


Private partner2


Forgotten Parks VF


Noé ANI AP AP


Contract year3


2017


2005* 2011 2015


2018


2017 2019


2010 2020*


Contract duration (years)


15 ?


10 25


20 30 20


Management unit Comité consulta- tif de gestion


Management team Local organizing committee


Non-profit business Board


Upon contracting, Government of Rwanda constructed a c. USD 2.5 million electric fence


Well-equipped protected area (trails, visitor center, canopy walk) upon contracting


1Hunting zones are here considered as IUCN category VI (Scholte, 2021). 2AP,African Parks; ANI,Africa Nature Investors Foundation Ltd;WWF,WorldWide Fund for Nature; WCS,WorldConservation Society; VF, Virunga Foundation; FSOA, Fondation des Savanes Ouest-Africaines;


FTNS, Fondation de Tri-Sangha. 3Year contracts were signed (*contracts not seen), the newer contracts superseding older ones (Chinko, Garamba, Virunga, Zakouma). 4For details of private funding, see Scholte et al. (2021a). 5The 18,392km2 area of Chinkomay be enlarged, pending 3 years of studies, to include all neighbouring hunting zones totalling 17,819km2 and, following a change in status of other hunting zones, an additional 9,990km2,


bringing the total to 46,201 km2. 6The North-East complex of protected areas in the Central African Republic (40,724 km2) comprises those zones considered as a priority in the eponymous CAR–WCS contract (Manovo-Gounda-St.FlorisNational Park, Bamingui-Bangoran National Park, and Vassoko-Bollo, Koukourou-Bamingui and Zone Pilote Sangba).With increasing efficiency and funding this could be enlarged to a total of c. 67,769 km2 or, potentially,


after evaluation, to 113,898 km2. 7This includes a core area of 815 km2 that has been proposed as Zah-Soo National Park. 8There is a plan to degazette over half of the Termit & Tin-Toumma Reserve (following oil exploitation) but an area to the west could be added in compensation. 9Included for comparison because of its uniqueness outside francophoneWest–Central Africa. It is the subject of a contract said to be for technical and financial support for conservation activities, but strongly resembling the delegated management contracts discussed here.


Management body/lead


Foundation


Governance oversight


Conseil de coordination Board


Governmental investments & contribu- tions, sustainable funding details4


Delegated protected area management 911


Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 908–916 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321000752


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