Taxonomic bias and human–carnivore conflict 921


FIG. 3 The misalignment between central species (left-hand panels) and species responsible for the majority of livestock depredation (right-hand panels) for the four most common single central species reported to depredate livestock in the reviewed studies: African lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus, spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta and African wild dog Lycaon pictus, by geographical region: (a) and (b) Eastern Africa, (c) and (d) Southern Africa, (e) and (f) Western and Central Africa.


TABLE 1 The alignment between central carnivore species and primary livestock depredator for 41 studies in sub-Saharan Africa published during 1997–2019, showing the number of studies in which the carnivore species responsible for the majority of live- stock depredation was the only central species (single), one of multiple central species (multiple) or not a central species (mismatch) in the same study.


African lion Panthera leo


Single Multiple Mismatch 73 0


Spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta 411 Wild dog Lycaon pictus


9 10 0


Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis 00 0 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus 00 0 African leopard Panthera pardus 02 1 Black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas 01 1 Brown hyaena Parahyaena brunnea 00 0 African wolf Canis lupaster 01 0 Caracal Caracal caracal


00 0


livestock in the reviewed studies (African lion, African wild dog, leopard) showed similar rates of mismatch (Table 1). All three weremore commonly central species than the pri- mary livestock depredator. African lions, in particular, were disproportionately listed as the central species relative to their contributions as livestock depredators. They were cen- tral species in 45%of the studies but recorded as the primary livestock depredator in only 24% of the studies. These misalignments emerged in both the lexical and document analyses. These patterns are probably attributable, at least in part, to differing levels of charismaamong large carnivores. Species charisma is a relational trait, derived not from the


inherent attributes of a species, but from the ways in which people respond to those attributes (Lorimer, 2007; Albert et al., 2018). Consequently, charisma is subjective and must be interpreted within the context of culture, experi- ences and values (Smith et al., 2012; Ducarme et al., 2013; Albert et al., 2018). Charisma is often used to refer to a


Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 917–926 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321000582


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