832 M. C. Kaizer et al.


FIG. 3 Bubble graph representing presence−absence and categorical values of the number of independent records in each forest type (semideciduous forest and ombrophilous forest) for each mammal species identified, across an altitudinal gradient in Caparaó


National Park, Atlantic Forest, south-eastern Brazil, using arboreal camera traps (Table 1).


including the largest arboreal seed disperser (B. hypox- anthus). The results do not indicate any differences in species richness and relative abundance between the semi- deciduous and the ombrophilous forest types. However, the species richness of the arboreal mammal assemblage in both forest types and our entire study site could be under- estimated by arboreal camera traps alone because of the ecology of some species. For example, some terrestrial or scansorial species such as E. barbara, N. nasua, T. tetradac- tyla and L. wiedii also occur in semideciduous forests (Graciano et al., 2021; M.C. Kaizer, pers. obs., 2017) but we only detected them in the ombrophilous forest in our study. The number of arboreal mammals documented in this


study is comparable to the species richness reported in vari- ous arboreal camera-trapping studies in other tropical rain- forest sites. Previous studies in the Amazon Forest of Peru found the species richness of arboreal mammals as detected by arboreal camera traps to be 18–24 species (18 species: Whitworth et al., 2016; Bowler et al., 2017; 20 species: Gregory et al., 2014; 24 species: Whitworth et al., 2019). In the West African rainforest, arboreal camera traps recorded 19 arboreal mammal taxa in Boumba-Bek and Nki National Parks, Cameroon (Hongo et al., 2020) and 15 arboreal taxa in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda (Moore et al., 2020). At least six species of primates are known to occur in the rain- forest of Caparaó National Park (Culot et al., 2019), of which we detected three. The absence or non-detection of the other three species (Callicebus nigrifrons, Callicebus personatus and Alouatta guariba) could be related to a recent yellow fever outbreak, which caused the deaths of .5,000 non-


human primates in the Atlantic Forest (Bicca-Marques et al., 2017). The last sightings of A. guariba and C. nigrifrons in our study area were reported by M.C. Kaizer (pers. obs.) in December 2016 and March 2017, respectively, coinciding with the most severe period of the yellow fever outbreak in south-eastern Brazil (Faria et al., 2018). Our results suggest that further research is necessary to evaluate the current population status of these primate species in the Park and so determine the impact of this yellow fever outbreak. Defaunation and the collapse of the functional diversity


of the mammal community have been reported throughout the Atlantic Forest biome (Jorge et al., 2013; Galetti et al., 2015, 2017; Bogoni et al., 2018, 2020), even in large protected areas (Canale et al., 2012). Historical habitat loss and frag- mentation of the Atlantic Forest and historical and recur- rent hunting pressures are the major drivers of mammal defaunation and changes in community composition (Jorge et al., 2013; Bogoni et al., 2018). Based on studies conducted during 1983–2015, a mean species richness of 14.7 was reported for mammal assemblages in Atlantic Forest fragments for species .1 kg (Bogoni et al., 2017). We detected nine species .1 kg , the majority of which are frugivore–omnivores and frugivore–folivores, which are important for seed dispersal and nutrient cycling in tropical forests. For example, the northern muriqui is im- portant in the dispersal and recruitment of large-seeded plant species, which has consequences for key ecosystem services such as carbon stock (Bufalo et al., 2016). Frugivore–folivore species richness correlates positively with dung beetle species richness across the Atlantic


Oryx, 2022, 56(6), 825–836 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321001563


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156  |  Page 157  |  Page 158  |  Page 159  |  Page 160  |  Page 161  |  Page 162  |  Page 163  |  Page 164