Jaguars in the matrix 549


express it as a percentage.We generated a transitionmatrix of the land-cover types by applying Markov chains, a stochastic model in which it is assumed that the change in the land- cover type depends on the state (type) immediately prior to thechange(Balzter, 2000).


Results


The 25 camera-trap stations generated a combined sampling effort of 2,740 camera-trap days (2019 = 1,367; 2020 = 1,373), recording 2,337 independent captures (2019 = 1,293; 2020 = 1,044)of 28 species (16 mammals, 11 birds and one reptile)


including people and domestic animals (cattle and dogs; Table 1).


Jaguar population data


We obtained a total of 120 independent photographs of jaguars (2019 = 64; 2020 = 56), of seven individuals in 2019 (four females, two males, one cub) and eight in 2020 (five females, two males, one cub). There were no unidentified individuals, and all individuals from 2019 where recaptured in 2020, with the addition of a new adult female in 2020. Jaguars were recorded at 21 of the 25 stations (2019 = 18;


TABLE 1 Survey effort, jaguar population data, and relative abundance index of all species recorded by our camera traps, including potential jaguar prey, by survey period (2019 and 2020) in the study area in coastal Nayarit, Mexico. Species marked with asterisks (*) are those that have been previously reported as jaguar prey (Hayward et al., 2016; Luja et al., 2020; Perera-Romero et al., 2021).


Survey period 2019


Survey effort Camera stations Camera-days


Jaguar population Individuals identified Population estimate ± SE


Density ± SE (individuals/100 km2)


Relative abundance index Nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus* Black vulture Coragyps auratus*


Bare-throated tiger-heron Tigrisoma mexicanum Black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax Bobcat Lynx rufus


Collared peccari Pecari tajacu*


Common green iguana Iguana iguana* Crested caracara Caracara cherywai Domestic cattle Bos taurus* Coyote Canis latrans*


Domestic dog Canis familiaris* Grey fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus* Human Homo sapiens Jaguar Panthera onca


Jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi Limpkin Aramus guarauna


Mexican cottontail Sylvilagus cunicularius* Northern raccoon Procyon lotor* Ocelot Leopardus pardalis*


Rufous-bellied chachalaca Ortalis wagleri Snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis Tricolored heron Egretta tricolor Turkey vulture Cathartes aura


Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana* White ibis Eudocimus albus


White-nosed coati Nasua narica*


White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus* Willet Tringa semipalmata


25


1,367 7


6–10 ± 0.92 5.3 ± 0.92


1.01


0.23 1.86 0.39 0.08


19.03 3.63 2.94 0.08


33.95 4.95 0.23 0.08


16.09 1.01 3.17 1.08


1.78 1.31 2.32 4.80


0.18 0.10 0.19 0.57 0.57


0.29


20.69 2.97 1.63


48.18 5.36


6.61 0.29 4.69 0.77 0.10 0.10 0.19 0.10 0.38 1.82 4.12 0.10


P A P Pr 2020 23


1,373 8


6 ± 0.18 5.3 ± 0.18


LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC


LC LC NT


LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC


1Category according to Mexican laws (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010): P, in danger of extinction; A, threatened; Pr, subject to special protection; and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2019): LC, Least Concern; NT, Near Threatened.


Oryx, 2022, 56(4), 546–554 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321001617


Conservation category1 Mexican law


IUCN


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