544 L. Sibanda et al. Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards. Our experimental design was approved by the Social Science and Humanities Interdivisional Research Ethics Committee of the University of Oxford (ref. R52851/RE001), and we acquired research permits from the Research Council of Zimbabwe (ref. 02786) and the Zimbabwean Ministry of Rural Development ref. (P/13/3).
References
BARNETT, A.G., VAN DER POLS, J.C.&DOBSON, A.J. (2005) Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 215–220.
BATES, D., MAECHLER, M., BOLKER,B. &WALKER,S. (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1–48.
BAUER, H., PACKER, C., FUNSTON, P.F., HENSCHEL,P.&NOWELL,K. (2016) Panthera leo. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020.
dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139. en [accessed 12 February 2020].
BAYLIS, K., HONEY-ROSÉS, J., BÖRNER, J., CORBERA, E., EZZINE-DE-BLAS, D., FERRARO, P.J. et al. (2016) Mainstreaming impact evaluation in nature conservation. Conservation Letters, 9, 58–64.
BOLKER, B.M., BROOKS, M.E., CLARK, C.J., GEANGE, S.W., POULSEN, J.R., STEVENS, M.H. &WHITE, J.S. (2009) Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 24, 127–135.
CAMPFIRE (2016) Community Benefits Summary. CAMPFIRE Association, Harare, Zimbabwe.
campfirezimbabwe.org/article/ community-benefits-summary [accessed 11 June 2020].
CHASE, L.C.,DECKER, D.J.&LAUBER, T.B. (2004) Public participation in wildlife management: what do stakeholders want? Society and Natural Resources, 17, 629–639.
CUSHMAN, S.A., ELLIOT, N.B., BAUER, D., KESCH, K., BAHAA-EL-DIN, L., BOTHWELL, H. et al. (2018) Prioritizing core areas, corridors and conflict hotspots for lion conservation in southern Africa. PLOS ONE, 13,e0196213.
DICKMAN, A.J., HAZZAH, L., CARBONE,C.&DURANT, S.M. (2014) Carnivores, culture and ‘contagious conflict’: multiple factors influence perceived problems with carnivores in Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape. Biological Conservation, 178, 19–27.
GERTLER, P.J., MARTINEZ, S., PREMAND, P., RAWLINGS, L.B. & VERMEERSCH, C.M.J. (2011) Impact Evaluation in Practice. The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
GUERBOIS, C., DUFOUR, A.B.,MTARE,G. & FRITZ,H. (2013) Insights for integrated conservation from attitudes of people toward protected areas near Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Conservation Biology, 27, 844–855.
HAZZAH, L., DOLRENRY, S., NAUGHTON-TREVES, L., EDWARDS, C.T., MWEBI, O., KEARNEY,F.&FRANK,L.(2014) Efficacy of two lion conservation programs in Maasailand, Kenya. Conservation Biology, 28, 851–860.
HOARE, R.E. (1995) Options for the control of elephants in conflict with people. Pachyderm, 19, 54–63.
HOARE, R.E. (2012) Lessons from 15 years of human–elephant conflict mitigation: management considerations involving biological, physical and governance issues in Africa. Pachyderm, 51, 60–74.
HUGHES, C., YARMEY, N., MOREHOUSE,A. & NIELSEN,S. (2020) Problem perspectives and grizzly bears: a case study of Alberta’s
grizzly bear recovery policy. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 38.
KUIPER, T.R., LOVERIDGE, A.J., PARKER, D.M., JOHNSON, P.J., HUNT, J.E., STAPELKAMP, B. et al. (2015) Seasonal herding practices influence predation on domestic stock by African lions along a protected area boundary. Biological Conservation, 191, 546–554.
LICHTENFELD, L.L., TROUT,C.&KISIMIR, E.L. (2014) Evidence-based conservation: predator-proof bomas protect livestock and lions. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24, 483–491.
LOVERIDGE, A.J., HEMSON, G., DAVIDSON,Z.&MACDONALD, D.W. (2010) African lions on the edge: reserve boundaries as attractive sinks. In Biology and Conservation ofWild Felids (eds D.W. Macdonald & A.J. Loveridge), pp. 283–314. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
LOVERIDGE, A.J., KUIPER, T., PARRY, R.H., SIBANDA, L., HUNT, J.H., STAPELKAMP, B. et al. (2017) Bells, bomas and beefsteak: complex patterns of human–predator conflict at the wildlife–agropastoral interface in Zimbabwe. PeerJ, 5, 1–24.
MADDEN,F.(2004) Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: global perspectives on local efforts to address human– wildlife conflict. Human Dimensions ofWildlife, 9, 247–257.
MCMANUS, J.S., DICKMAN, A.J., GAYNOR, D., SMUTS, B.H. & MACDONALD, D.W. (2014) Dead or alive? Comparing costs and benefits of lethal and non-lethal human–wildlife conflict mitigation on livestock farms. Oryx, 49, 687–695.
MILLER, J.R.B., STONER, K.J., CEJTIN, M.R., MEYER, T.K., MIDDLETON, A.D. & SCHMITZ, O.J. (2016) Effectiveness of contemporary techniques for reducing livestock depredations by large carnivores. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 40, 806–815.
MOREHOUSE, A.T., HUGHES, C., MANNERS, N., BECTELL,J.& BRUDER,T. (2020) Carnivores and communities: a case study of human–carnivore conflict mitigation in southwestern Alberta. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 2.
OGADA, M.O.,WOODROFFE, R., OGUGE, N.O. & FRANK, L.G. (2003) Limiting depredation by African carnivores: the role of livestock husbandry. Conservation Biology, 17, 1521–1530.
PERROTTON,A.(2015) Cattle herding and coexistence between protected areas and their peripheries: a participatory approach. PhD thesis, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
PETRACCA, L.S., FRAIR, J.L., BASTILLE-ROUSSEAU, G., HUNT, J.E., MACDONALD, D.W., SIBANDA,L.&LOVERIDGE, A.J. (2019) The effectiveness of hazing African lions as a conflict mitigation tool: implications for carnivore management. Ecosphere, 10,e02967.
RCORE TEAM (2019) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
r-project.org [accessed 23 June 2021].
RIPPLE,W.J., ESTES, J.A., BESCHTA, R.L.,WILMERS, C.C., RITCHIE, E.G., HEBBLEWHITE, M. et al. (2014) Status and ecological effects of the world’s largest carnivores. Science, 343, 151–164.
SIBANDA, L., VAN DER MEER, E., HUGHES, C., MACDONALD, E.A., HUNT, J.E., PARRY, R.H. et al. (2020) Exploring perceptions of subsistence farmers in Northwestern Zimbabwe towards the African Lion (Panthera leo) in the context of local conservation actions. African Journal of Wildlife Research, 50, 102–118.
SIBANDA, L., VAN DER MEER, E., JOHNSON, P.J.,HUGHES, C.,DLODLO, B., PARRY, R.H. et al. (2021) Evaluating the effects of a conservation intervention on rural farmers’ attitudes toward lions. Human Dimensions ofWildlife, 26, 445–460.
THIAULT, L., KERNALÉGUEN, L., OSENBERG, C.W., CLAUDET,J.& MCCREA,R.(2017) Progressive-Change BACIPS: a flexible approach for environmental impact assessment. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 288–296.
VALLS-FOX, H., CHAMAILLÉ-JAMMES, S., DE GARINE-WICHATITSKY, M., PERROTTON, A., COURBIN, N., MIGUEL, E. et al. (2018)Water
Oryx, 2022, 56(4), 537–545 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321000302
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164
