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Marine turtle conservation 593


Rees, 2019; Rguez-Baron et al., 2019). Reports continue to highlight the prevalence of illegal supply of turtle meat, eggs and other marine turtle specimens (hereafter, speci- mens refers to marine turtles, live or dead, or any parts or derivatives thereof) in local, regional and international mar- kets (Mancini & Koch, 2009; Mancini et al., 2011; IOSEA Marine Turtles MOU, 2014; Boura et al., 2016; Hancock et al., 2017; CITES, 2019), and there is growing international concern over online trade in these species (CITES, 2019). Given the extensive efforts for marine turtle conservation globally, there is potential for reassessing and refining measures to curb their illegal harvest, use and trade (here- after also referred to as illegal activities, for simplicity). Understanding the complexity of the underlying socio- economic and cultural contexts of wildlife trade and ana- lysing lessons from previous interventions will allow the formulation of evidence-based strategies and conservation priorities (Travers et al., 2019). The extent to which interventions are effective in


reducing or preventing illegal wildlife trade is often unclear because information on these activities is difficult to obtain (Gavin et al., 2009). However, the scarcity of data from em- pirical research should not prevent the development and implementation of conservation strategies (Donlan et al., 2010). Alternative ways of collecting data, such as expert elicitation, are therefore necessary. Expert knowledge refers to substantive information on a topic that is not widely known but that may be obtained from training, research, skills or personal experience (Martin et al., 2011). Expert elicitation has been used to aid conservation decision- making by offering an expedient and cost-effective way of gauging knowledge on intricate and poorly understood issues such as wildlife harvest, trade and consumption (Swan et al., 2017; Ribeiro et al., 2019). Using expert elicitation, we implemented a global survey


to examine how conservation efforts can better safeguard marine turtles in the context of illegal harvest, use and trade. We explored (1) perceived drivers, occurrence and trends of illegal activities globally; (2) the perceived urgency in addressing illegal activities, the adequacy of current con- servation efforts, and conservation priorities; (3) challenges to curbing illegal activities and recommendations to over- come those challenges; and (4) lessons from conservation experiences. We aimed to identify global priorities for marine turtle conservation interventions that seek to curb illegal activities.


Methods


Survey approach Literature authorship and chain-referral are common ap- proaches for identifying participants for expert elicitation


studies on marine turtles (e.g. Donlan et al., 2010; Wildermann et al., 2018). We identified 327 potential parti- cipants through their authorship in the primary and sec- ondary literature on conservation of marine turtles and their harvest, use and/or trade. This literature search was conducted on Web of Science (Clarivate, Philadelphia, USA) and Google Scholar (Google, Mountain View, USA), employing the search query: (‘marine turtle*’)AND (‘trade’ OR ‘illegal’ OR ‘use’ OR ‘take’) AND (period = 2000–2018). We read the abstract of each paper retrieved to verify its relevance. The last literature search was under- taken on 11 April 2018.We also identified potential partici- pants through organizations and other groups working on marine turtle conservation (including the IUCN Species Survival Commission Marine Turtle Specialist Group). These bodies were identified using the search terms (‘mar- ine turtle organisation’)OR(‘marine turtle conservation’) and the marine turtle repository platform SEATURTLE. ORG (2018). This resulted in 137 additional contacts being obtained. Wherever available, individual rather than general e-mail addresses were used. Knowledge of marine turtle trade and conservation is a specialized field of expertise, and thereforewe used snowball sampling during survey implementation to identify further individuals and attenuate any biases of convenience sam- pling (Heckathorn, 2011). We requested all those directly contacted to recommend up to three peers who may have relevant expert knowledge and experience; this approach, widely used for accessing populations that are hard to reach (Heckathorn, 2011), resulted in the identification of 66 additional participants. In total, 530 e-mails were sent to potential participant individuals or organizations; 67 (13%) of these were not delivered.


Survey tool and implementation


We used an online survey, in English, developed with GetFeedback (2018), to collect participants’ perceptions on the status and scope of the global illegal harvest, use and trade of marine turtles and on priority conservation mea- sures for addressing these illegal activities. The survey com- prised five parts: (1) professional experience and country of expertise (i.e. the country with which participants felt most familiar regarding marine turtle harvest, use and trade and/ or conservation; questions in parts 2–4 then referred to this country); (2) perceptions of the characteristics of and trends in illegal activities (threats to turtles were considered here, identified from Donlan et al., 2010, and Humber et al., 2014); (3) priorities for addressing illegal activities; (4) ad- equacy of measures for addressing illegal activities (mea- sures were compiled through a literature survey and summarized using an inductive approach through direct examination of data; Elo & Kyngäs, 2008); (5) conserva- tion and management challenges and lessons from past


Oryx, 2022, 56(4), 592–600 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605320001210


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