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638 F. Pattiselanno et al. These four records of the western long-beaked echidna,


obtained with the help of the local ecological knowledge of the people we interviewed, are the first confirmed sightings of this species on the Vogelkop Peninsula since the 1980s. Anecdotal information from the interviewees suggests the species remains abundant. Nevertheless, detailed systematic surveys are required before any assertion about the status of this species can be made with confidence.


PLATE 1 Living western long-beaked echidna Zaglossus bruijnii encountered near Bangun Mulia village, Teluk Bintuni Regency (record 4 in Table 1).


Record 2 was from an interviewee who found the echidna nearWasian, adjacent to the river. Record 3 was captured by two local hunters from BangunMulia andMogoi Baru, south-west of Tembuni adjacent to the Sidua River at 57m altitude. Record 4 was found by a hunter from Araisum, in swamp forest close to Bangun Mulia, while checking hunting traps. The typical habitat in which these three in- dividuals were found was lowland forest close to small creeks flowing into the Sidua River. The most common tree species in these areas are merbau Intsia bijuga, pulai Alstonia scholaris, nyatoh Palaqium sp. and medang Litsea timoriana. The sites were muddy, with numerous fallen and rotting trees and with the forest floor covered by scrub, forage and hollow logs, which are suitable for echidna burrows. These records of the western long-beaked echidna were


from hunters or retired hunters who reported characteristics that corroborate the description of the species by Flannery (1995). The hunters described the fur colour as dark brown to black with spines on the flanks and back, with a long downward curving nose, and feet with three claws. According to the interviewees in the Teluk Bintuni Regency, the western long-beaked echidna is easy to find, especially during the wet season in January–April when the ground is flooded and muddy. At this time the foraging signs (imprints of nose-pokes) are easy to distinguish from the signs of other animals and are often observed in forests around the villages. The interviewees also described to us some of the beliefs and taboos concerning echidna hunting and consumption: people are not permitted to shout or use foul language while searching for echidnas in the forest, and not all people are permitted to consume echidna meat. In particular, children under 10 years of age are for- bidden to consume the meat as it is believed to have negative effects on their physical development.


Acknowledgements We thank hunters in Abun District of Tambrauw Regency for providing information on the western long- beaked echidna; the local government and the people of Tembuni District, Teluk Bintuni, for their assistance and for granting us permis- sion to conduct this study; and interviewees inWasian, Tembuni and Bangun Mulia of Teluk Bintuni Regency for allowing us to interview them and identify, measure and weigh the three living echidnas.


Author contributions Fieldwork: FP, I, AYSA; writing: FP, PAB. Conflicts of interest None.


Ethical standards This research followed the ethical guidelines of the Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA, 2011). The study received approval from the James Cook University Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval number: H4203) and from the Biodiversity Research Centre of Universitas Papua (Research Permit No 08/UN42.15.2/KP/ VIII/2018), and otherwise abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards.


References


ASA (ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS)(2011) Ethical Guidelines for Good Research Practice. theasa.org/ethics/guidelines. html [Accessed 12 July 2021].


FLANNERY,T.F. (1995) Mammals of New Guinea. Reed Books, Chatsworth, Australia.


FLANNERY, T.F. & GROVES, C.P. (1998) A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. Mammalia, 62, 367–396.


GAVEAU,D.(2019) Drivers of Forest Loss in Papua and West Papua. Center for International Forestry, Bogor, Indonesia.


HELGEN, K.M. (2007) A taxonomic and geographical overview of the mammals of Papua. In The Ecology of Papua: Part One (eds A.J. Marshall & B.M. Beehler), pp. 689–749. Periplus Editions, Singapore.


HELGEN, K.M., MIGUEZ, R.P., JAMES, L.K. & LAUREN, E.H. (2012) Twentieth century occurrence of the long-beaked echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia. Zookeys, 255, 103–132.


LEARY, T., SERI, L., FLANNERY, T.,WRIGHT, D., HAMILTON, S., HELGEN, K. et al. (2016) Zaglossus bruijnii. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2. RLTS.T23179A21964204.en [accessed 2 February 2017].


PASVEER, J.M. (2004) The Djief Hunters, 26,000 Years of Rainforest Exploitation on the Bird’s Head of Papua, Indonesia: Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia, Volume 17. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.


PATTISELANNO,F.(2006) The wildlife hunting in Papua. Biota, 11, 59–61.


PATTISELANNO,F.&KOIBUR, J.F. (2018) Returns from Indigenous hunting in the lowland coastal forests of West Papua benefits threatened wildlife species. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 24, 46–50.


Oryx, 2022, 56(4), 636–638 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321000351


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