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Rural and urban views on elephants 611


TABLE 1 Summary of the questions included in our study of views and perceptions of elephant poaching in rural and urban communities in Myanmar (December 2016–May 2018).


Section Category I


II Type1 Question/statement Demographics Attitudes towards elephants


MC Gender Ethnicity Religion


Open Age


Likert Elephants are an important part of Myanmar’s culture Elephants are important to the ecosystem Elephants are important to conserve for future generations It is important to protect elephant habitat in Myanmar It is possible to use the same land as elephants Elephants are important for religious reasons


Perceptions of the costs & benefits of elephants


Likert Elephants should be protected because they bring more benefits to this community than they do problems Elephants & livestock compete for water & grazing, but the needs of livestock remain more important than the needs of wildlife & should always be prioritized The needs of humans should take priority over elephant conservation efforts It is acceptable for elephants to be used in the timber industry It is acceptable for elephants to be used in the tourism industry Conserving elephants is a waste of resources as it leads to more conflict within the community


III Knowledge about the conservation status of elephants in Myanmar


MC Over the last 5 years, what has happened to the elephant population in Myanmar?


T/F


Motivations for compliance with elephant conservation laws


Elephants are legally protected in Myanmar Asian elephants are Endangered Myanmar has the most expansive remaining elephant habitat out of all the countries that have Asian elephants


Likert I know the laws that apply to wildlife in my country Most of my friends think that we should protect our livestock & crops even if that means breaking rules that apply to elephants Most of my friends think that we should comply with laws that apply to not harming elephants I have a moral obligation to comply with rules concerning elephant protection


IV Participants’ experiences with & perception of hunting & poaching


Y/N Have you ever personally seen poached elephant parts? Do you think people that poach animals feel ashamed for doing so? Are you afraid of elephant poachers? Do Myanmar people help poachers fromother countries find elephants in Myanmar? Do Myanmar people help poachers avoid capture? Have you ever seen an elephant poacher?


Likert I think those people who break the rules concerning wildlife protection should be punished


MC Which parts of a dead elephant are being taken by poachers? In your opinion, which country do elephant poachers come from? How likely are people who kill elephants to get caught?


Open Why do people poach elephants? Why are you afraid of poachers?


1MC, multiple choice; Open, open ended; Likert, 5-point Likert statement, with 1 = strongly disagree, 3 = neutral and 5 = strongly agree; T/F, true or false; Y/N, yes or no.


in the study, the interviewer moved on to the nearest house and every subsequent house until they found a willing par- ticipant. Once the interviewer had completed a survey, they skipped the nearest two houses and approached the third


home for participation. In addition to the household sam- pling, we employed a convenience sampling approach to re- cruit participants in communal areas in villages (e.g. tea shop, bus stop). The interviewer approached the first potential


Oryx, 2022, 56(4), 609–616 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321000156


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