526 M. A. Vinks et al.
FA, J.E. & BROWN,D. (2009) Impacts of hunting on mammals in African tropical moist forests: a review and synthesis. Mammal Review, 39, 231–264.
FA, J.E., YUSTE, J.E.G. & CASTELO,R.(2000) Bushmeat Markets on Bioko Island as a measure of hunting pressure. Conservation Biology, 14, 1602–1613.
GOLDBERG, J.F., TEMPA, T., NORBU, N., HEBBLEWHITE, M., MILLS, L.S.,WANGCHUK, T.R. & LUKACS,P.(2015) Examining temporal sample scale and model choice with spatial capture–recapture models in the common leopard Panthera pardus. PLOS ONE, 10,e0140757.
GRAY, T.N.E. & PRUM,S.(2012) Leopard density in post-conflict landscape, Cambodia: evidence from spatially explicit capture– recapture. Journal of Wildlife Management, 76, 163–169.
HAYWARD, M.W. & KERLEY, G.I.H. (2005) Prey preferences of the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology, 267, 309–322.
HENSCHEL, P., HUNTER, L.T.B., COAD, L., ABERNETHY, K.A. & MÜHLENBERG,M. (2011) Leopard prey choice in the Congo Basin rainforest suggests exploitative competition with human bushmeat hunters. Journal of Zoology, 285, 11–20.
HOFER,H. & EAST, M.L. (1995) Population dynamics, population size and the commuting system of spotted hyaenas in the Serengeti. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem (eds A.R.E. Sinclair & P. Arcese), pp. 332–363. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
HUGGINS, R.M. (1989) On the statistical analysis of capture experiments. Biometrika, 76, 133–140.
JACOBSON, A.P., GERNGROSS, P., LEMERIS, J.R., SCHOONOVER, R.F., ANCO, C., BREITENMOSER-WÜRSTEN, C. et al. (2016) Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and the research efforts across its range. PeerJ, 2016, 1–28.
KARANTH, K.U. (1995) Estimating tiger Panthera tigris populations from camera-trap data using capture-recapture models. Biological Conservation, 71, 333–338.
KARANTH, K.U.&NICHOLS, J.D. (1998) Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology, 79, 2852.
KENDALL,W.L., POLLOCK, K.H. & BROWNIE,C.(1995)A likelihood-based approach to capture–recapture estimation of demographic parameters under the robust design. Biometrics, 51, 293–308.
LAAKE, J.L. (2013) RMark: An R interface for analysis of capture-recapture data with MARK. National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, USA.
LAURENSON, M.K. (1995) Implication of high offspring mortality for cheetah population dynamics. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem (eds A.R.E. Sinclair &
P.Arcese), pp. 385–
399.University ofChicago Press,Chicago,USA.
LOVERIDGE, A.J., SOUSA, L.L., SEYMOUR-SMITH, J., HUNT, J., COALS, P., DONNELL, H.O. et al. (2020) Evaluating the spatial intensity and demographic impacts of wire-snare bush-meat poaching on large carnivores. Biological Conservation, 244, 108504.
MAPUTLA, N.W., CHIMIMBA, C.T. & FERREIRA, S.M. (2013) Calibrating a camera trap-based biased mark-recapture sampling design to survey the leopard population in the N’wanetsi concession, Kruger National Park, South Africa. African Journal of Ecology, 51, 422–430.
MARKER, L.L. & DICKMAN, A.J. (2005) Factors affecting leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with particular reference to Namibian farmlands. African Journal ofWildlife Research, 35, 105–115.
MIDLANE, N., O’RIAIN, M.J., BALME, G.A., ROBINSON, H.S. & HUNTER, L.T.B. (2014) On tracks: a spoor-based occupancy survey of lion Panthera leo distribution in Kafue National Park, Zambia. Biological Conservation, 172, 101–108.
MILLER, J.R.B., PITMAN, R.T.,MANN, G.K.H., FULLER, A.K.&BALME, G.A. (2018) Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition. Journal of Animal Ecology, 87, 1709–1726.
MITHTHAPALA, S., SEIDENSTICKER, J., PHILLIPS, L.G., FERNANDO, S.B.U. & SMALLWOOD, J.A. (1989) Identification of individual leopards. Journal of Zoology, 218, 527–536.
MWEETWA, T., CHRISTIANSON, D., BECKER, M., CREEL, S., ROSENBLATT, E.,MERKLE, J. et al. (2018) Quantifying lion (Panthera leo) demographic response following a three-year moratorium on trophy hunting. PLOS ONE, 13,e0197030.
NAUDE, V.N., BALME, G.A., RIAIN, J.O.,HUNTER, L.T.B., FATTEBERT, J., DICKERSON,T.&BISHOP, J.M. (2020) Unsustainable anthropogenic mortality disrupts natal dispersal and promotes inbreeding in leopards. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 3605–3619.
NIJMAN, V., MORCATTY, T., SMITH, J.H., ATOUSSI, S., SHEPHERD, C.R., SIRIWAT,
P.et al. (2019) Illegal wildlife trade—surveying open animal markets and online platforms to understand the poaching of wild cats. Biodiversity, 20, 58–61.
ODDEN, M., ATHREYA, V., RATTAN,S.&LINNELL, J.D.C. (2014) Adaptable neighbours: movement patterns of GPS-collared leopards in human dominated landscapes in India. PLOS ONE, 9,e112044.
OTIS, D.L., BURNHAM, K.P.,WHITE, G.C. & ANDERSON, D.R. (1978) Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal populations. Wildlife Monographs, 62, 3–135.
OVERTON, J., DAVIES, S., NGULUKA, L., CHIBEYA, D., SOMPA, B., SIMUKONDA,C.& LINDSEY, P.A. (2017) The Illegal Bushmeat Trade in the Greater Kafue Ecosystem, Zambia, Drivers, Impacts and Potential Solutions. FAO/Department of National Parks and Wildlife/Panthera/Game Rangers International, Zambia.
PACKER, C., BRINK, H., KISSUI, B.M., MALITI, H., KUSHNIR,H. & CARO,T.(2011) Effects of trophy hunting on lion and leopard populations in Tanzania. Conservation Biology, 25, 142–153.
PATERSON, J.T., PROFFITT, K., JIMENEZ, B., ROTELLA,J.&GARROTT, R. (2019) Simulation-based validation of spatial capture–recapture models: a case study using mountain lions. PLOS ONE, 14,e0215458.
PLEDGER, S., POLLOCK, K.H. & NORRIS, J.L. (2010) Open capture-recapture models with heterogeneity: II. Jolly–Seber model. Biometrics, 66, 883–890.
POLLOCK, K.H. (1982) A capture–recapture sampling design robust to unequal catchability. Journal ofWildlife Management, 46, 757–760.
PURCHASE, G., MATEKE,C. & PURCHASE,D.(2007) A Review of the Status and Distribution of Carnivores, and Levels of Human– Carnivore Conflict, in the Protected Areas and Surrounds of the Zambezi Basin. Unpublished report, The Zambezi Society, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
RAY, R.-R. (2011) Ecology and population status and the impact of trophy hunting of the leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)in the Luambe National Park and surrounding Game Management Areas in Zambia. PhD thesis, Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany.
RIPPLE,W.J., ESTES, J.A., BESCHTA, R.L.,WILMERS, C.C., RITCHIE, E.G., HEBBLEWHITE,M. et al. (2014) Status and ecological effects of the world’s largest carnivores. Science, 343, 1241484.
RIPPLE,W.J., NEWSOME, T.M.,WOLF, C., DIRZO, R., EVERATT, K.T., GALETTI,M. et al. (2015) Collapse of the world’s largest herbivores. Science Advances, 1,e1400103.
ROSENBLATT, E., BECKER, M.S., CREEL, S., DROGE, E.,MWEETWA,T., SCHUETTE, P.A. et al. (2014) Detecting declines of apex carnivores and evaluating their causes: an example with Zambian lions. Biological Conservation, 180, 176–186.
ROSENBLATT, E., CREEL, S., BECKER, M.S., MERKLE, J., MWAPE, H., SCHUETTE,P.&SIMPAMBA,T. (2016) Effects of a protection
Oryx, 2022, 56(4), 518–527 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321000223
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164