Amphibian captive breeding programmes 387


FIG. 3 Summaries of the three most critical barriers for all recorded captive breeding programmes (each individual programme is represented by a box), their parent organization type (displayed by the border type of each box) and the stage in which the programme was at the time of the interview (circled on the left, and described under the operational model presented in Fig. 4).


previous stages and primarily included habitat conditions, government andpublicrelations,bureaucracy,permits,alloca- tion of resources for fieldwork and access to field sites. The transition between Stages 2 and 3 was generally the


most critical for programmes. Resources needed to expand beyond maintaining the captive collection to include field- work,monitoring habitats and populations, and investigating possibilities of threatmitigation. Failure to do sowould result in stagnation. Partners were important in addressing limita- tions of time and resources: ‘We’ve got a bunch of existing monitoring work .. . and we recognize we just don’thave the capacityto dothisourselves. And we’re seeking addition- al partnerswhowill be able to provide themanpower to come and take this project to the next level’. The support required differed from previous stages, and


included government support, funding, collaborations for fieldwork, research on habitat suitability, and technical re- introduction expertise.


Stage 4: Reintroduction and post-reintroduction The release of captive populations into the wild and ongoing


monitoring was affected by barriers and enablers including habitat conditions, government and public relations, and allocation of resources for fieldwork. Specialized tagging equipment was important for monitoring reintroduced populations. Ongoing monitoring, habitat management, stakeholder engagement and awareness raising were per- ceived as essential. External field partners were important contributors to these tasks: ‘The [captive] programme is fin- ished but the government is still monitoring the release sites. And I mentioned one release site ... the frogs disappeared after several years .. . But the management would like to bring them back again’.


Discussion


Amphibian captive breeding programmes are complex, dynamic systems presenting a high diversity of perceived, and often unique, suites of barriers and enablers. In our inter- views with 25 programme managers, we found that effective implementation required alignment of many components. Failure could occur at any stage, and in numerous ways,


Oryx, 2021, 55(3), 382–392 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605320000332


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