478 L. J. Hale et al.
HEAD, J.S., BOESCH, C., ROBBINS, M.M., RABANAL, L.I.,MAKAGA,L. &KÜHL, H.S. (2013) Effective sociodemographic population assessment of elusive species in ecology and conservation management. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 2903–2916.
HERMES, R., SARAGUSTY, J., GÖRITZ, F., BARTELS, P., POTIER, R., BAKER, B. et al. (2013) Freezing African elephant semen as a new population management tool. PLOS ONE, 8,e57616.
HILBERS, J.P., SANTINI, L., VISCONTI, P., SCHIPPER, A.M., PINTO, C., RONDININI,C.&HUIJBREGTS, M.A. (2017) Setting population targets for mammals using body mass as a predictor of population persistence. Conservation Biology, 31, 385–393.
HINES, J.E. (1987) CAPTURE2 – Software to compute estimates of capture probability and population size for closed population capture-recapture data. USGS-PWRC.
mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/ software/
capture.html [accessed 3 December 2019].
ISHIDA, Y., GUGALA, N.A., GEORGIADIS, N.J. & ROCA, A.L. (2018) Evolutionary and demographic processes shaping geographic patterns of genetic diversity in a keystone species, the African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). Ecology and Evolution, 8, 4919–4931.
JATHANNA, D., KARANTH, K.U., KUMAR, N.S., KARANTH, K.K. & GOSWAMI, V.R. (2015) Patterns and determinants of habitat occupancy by the Asian elephant in theWestern Ghats of Karnataka, India. PLOS ONE, 10,e0133233.
JOHNSINGH, A.J.T. (1983) Large mammalian prey-predators in Bandipur. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 80, 1–57.
JONES, T., CUSACK, J.J., POZO, R.A., SMIT, J.,MKUBURO, L., BARAN,P. et al. (2018) Age structure as an indicator of poaching pressure: insights from rapid assessments of elephant populations across space and time. Ecological Indicators, 88, 115–125.
KARANTH, K.U. & SUNQUIST, M.E. (1992) Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarahole. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 8, 21–35.
LACY, R.C. (2000) Considering threats to the viability of small populations using individual-based models. Ecological Bulletins, 48, 39–51.
LANDE,R.(1993) Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes. American Naturalist, 142, 911–927.
LEIMGRUBER, P., GAGNON, J.B.,WEMMER, C., KELLY, D.S., SONGER, M.A. & SELIG, E.R. (2003) Fragmentation of Asia’s remaining wildlands: implications for Asian elephant conservation. Animal Conservation, 6, 347–359.
LING, L.E., ARIFFIN,M.&MANAF, L.A. (2016) Threats to the conservation of Asian elephants: a review study. Journal of Governance & Development, 12, 123–139.
LIU, P.,WEN, H., LIN, L., LIU,J.&ZHANG,L. (2016) Habitat evaluation for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Lincang: conservation planning for an extremely small population of elephants in China. Biological Conservation, 198, 113–121.
MALO, A., GILBERT,T.&RIORDAN,P.(2019) Drivers of sex ratio bias in the Eastern bongo: lower inbreeding increases the probability of being born male. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286, 0345.
RCORE TEAM (2017) R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
R-project.org [accessed 3 December 2019].
REES, P.A. (2003) Asian elephants in zoos face global extinction: should zoos accept the inevitable? Oryx, 37, 20–22.
ROSENFELD, C.S. & ROBERTS, R.M. (2004) Maternal diet and other factors affecting offspring sex ratio. Biology of Reproduction, 71, 1063–1070.
SELTMANN, M.W., HELLE, S., ADAMS, M.J., MAR, K.U. & LAHDENPERÄ,M.(2018) Evaluating the personality structure of semi-captive Asian elephants living in their natural habitat. Royal Society Open Science, 5, 172026.
SUKUMAR,R. (1989) The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
SUKUMAR,R. (2003) The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
TAYLOR, V.J. & POOLE, T.B. (1998) Captive breeding and infant mortality in Asian elephants: a comparison between twenty western zoos and three eastern elephant centers. Zoo Biology, 17, 311–332.
TRIVERS, R.L. &WILLARD, D.E. (1973) Natural selection of parental ability to vary sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179, 90–92.
VARMA, S., BASKARAN,N. & SUKUMAR,R.(2012) Field Key for Elephant Population Estimation and Age and Sex Classification. Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
VARMA, S., PITTET,A.&JAMADAGNI, H.S. (2006) Experimenting usage of camera-traps for population dynamics study of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus in southern India. Current Science, 91, 324–331.
VIDYA, T.N.C., PRASAD,D.&GHOSH,A.(2014) Individual identification in Asian elephants. Gajah, 40, 3–17.
VIDYA, T.N.C.,VARMA, S.,DANG, N.X., THANH,T.V.&SUKUMAR,R. (2007) Minimum population size, genetic diversity, and social structure of the Asian elephant in Cat Tien National Park and its adjoining areas, Vietnam, based on molecular genetic analyses. Conservation Genetics, 8, 1471–1478.
VILÀ, C., SUNDQVIST, A.-K., FLAGSTAD, Ø., SEDDON, J., BJÖRNERFELDT, S., KOJOLA, I. et al. (2003) Rescue of a severely bottlenecked wolf (Canis lupus) population by a single immigrant. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270, 91–97.
WIESE, R.J. &WILLIS,K.(2004) Calculation of longevity and life expectancy in captive elephants. Zoo Biology, 23, 365–373.
ZHANG, L.,DONG, L., LIN, L., FENG, L., YAN, F.,WANG, L. et al. (2015) Asian elephants in China: estimating population size and evaluating habitat suitability. PLOS ONE, 10,e0124834.
Oryx, 2021, 55(3), 473–478 © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605319000504
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164
