358 C. Azat et al. Methods
Conservation assessment In July 2015, 19 Chilean herpetologists met at Universidad Andres Bello in Santiago to update the IUCN Red List assessment of Chilean amphibians (Soto-Azat et al., 2015). This work highlighted the urgent need for conservation planning for Darwin’s frogs. Re-assessments of R. darwinii and R. rufum followed the IUCN Red List methodology: literature and data searches, assessments by experts and external review.
Development of the strategy
FIG. 1 Distribution of Darwin’s frogs in Chile and Argentina. Historical distribution of Rhinoderma rufum, Rhinoderma darwinii and the area of sympatry around Concepción. Localities with known current presence of R. darwinii are shown in solid dots. No population of R. rufum is currently known, but historical localities are shown in open dots. There is one unusual historical record for R. rufum in the Chilean foothills of the Andes (Barros, 1918).
Chile but also in Argentina (4.6 and 16.0 million ha for R. rufum and R. darwinii, respectively; IUCN, 2019). Rhinoderma rufum is endemic to the coastal range of Chile at 0–500 m altitude (Bourke et al., 2012; Soto-Azat et al., 2013a; Cuevas, 2014). Rhinoderma darwinii is found in both the coastal range of Chile (including Mocha Island and the Chiloé Archipelago) and the Andes of Chile and Argentina (Soto-Azat et al., 2013a)at 0–1,340 m altitude (Úbeda & Pastore, 2015). Historical distributions of Rhino- derma spp. are shown in Fig. 1.
Development of the Binational Conservation Strategy for Darwin’s Frogs was facilitated by an Amphibian Specialist Group co-chair, a programme officer and a thematic group chair and followed IUCN guidelines for species conservation planning (IUCN, 2017). Initially, a 1-day symposium in September 2017 convened 292 participants interested in the conservation of Darwin’s frogs. Here, 27 national and international speakers presented advances on Rhinoderma spp. research and conservation, and dis- cussed IUCN guidelines for effective conservation planning (IUCN, 2017). Subsequently, 30 stakeholders that had been selected for their expertise, influence, and representation of relevant organizations, attended a 3-day conservation strat- egy workshop where we: (1) formulated the strategy’s vision, (2) defined the strategy’s time frame, (3) discussed the cur- rent status of Darwin’s frogs, (4) assessed the challenges, barriers and threats to their conservation, (5) established working groups (see below), (6) developed conservation goals, objectives and actions, (7) prioritized objectives and actions and (8) elected the coordination structure. We formed four working groups based on identified conserva- tion needs: (1) habitat loss, (2) captive breeding, research and climate change, (3) policy and education, and (4) dis- eases and invasive species. Following a SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound) ap- proach, each working group proposed goals, objectives and actions, which were later discussed, validated and prioritized by all workshop participants. After the workshop, a draft of the strategy was distributed among participants and others involved in the development of the strategy, for comment and approval.
Results
Conservation assessment Rhinoderma rufum is categorized as Critically Endan- gered (Possibly Extinct) based on criterion D because its
Oryx, 2021, 55(3), 356–363 © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605319001236
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