Big cats in borderlands 457 TABLE 2 Populations and legal status of the four threatened leopard subspecies across continental Asia.


Extant countries


Year national pro- tection granted


Persian leopard Afghanistan 2008 Armenia


Azerbaijan Georgia


Iran Iraq


1972 1976 1982


1965 2010


Kazakhstan 2004 Pakistan Russia


Tajikistan Turkey


Not known 1956


2008 2003


Turkmenistan 1970s Uzbekistan


1983


Indochinese leopard Cambodia


Malaysia Myanmar SE China Thailand


Arabian leopard Israel Oman


1994 1972 1994 1988 1960


Not known 1976


Saudi Arabia 1999 Yemen


Amur leopard1 NE China


2009 1988


North Korea Not known Russia


1956 Fine for illegal killing (USD) None


6,100 (outside protected area), 30,500 (inside protected area)2


1,950 (outside protected area), 5,820 (inside protected area) 19,000 9,200 8,350 9,220


Not known


2–9 years in prison plus a fine up to 45,700 424–25,000 13,600


600 (outside protected area), 1,700 (inside protected area)


7,300 (for Uzbek citizens), 40,000 (for foreign citizens)


Up to 24,500


24,000–120,000, depending on age/sex of leopard


Up to 7,680


.10 years in prison plus a fine (1,600) or confiscation of property Up to 1,200


Not known Up to 12,500


5,000 (outside protected area), 13,000 (inside protected area) Not known


.10 years in prison plus a fine (1,600) or confiscation of property Not known


2–9 years in prison plus a fine up to 45,700


1Population size is the total number across Russia and China. 2An increase up to USD 207,600 is currently under consideration.


Population size


200–300 ,10


,10 ,3


550–850 ,10


% country range in borderlands


18


100 100 100 100


28


Not known 100 Not known 75 ,10


100


Not known 100 ,10 ,60


100 91


Not known 100 18–178 106–1,059 169–1,693 100 26 59 Not known 100 59–591 8


44–58 ,50


98


100 25


6


Not known 37 70–108


100


Not known 100 70–108


100


Modified from Rostro-García et al. (2019)


Perez et al. (2006)


Spalton & Al Hikmani (2014)


Zafar-ul Islam et al. (2018)


Vitkalova et al. (2018) Vitkalova et al. (2018)


Reference for popula- tion size


Khorozyan (2008) Askerov et al. (2015)


Askerov et al. (2015) Askerov et al. (2015)


Kiabi et al. (2002) Avgan et al. (2016)


Khorozyan (2008) Avgan et al. (2016)


O. Pereladova, pers. comm. (2020) Not known


Modified from Rostro-García et al. (2019)


Modified from Rostro-García et al. (2019)


Modified from Rostro-García et al. (2019)


Oryx, 2021, 55(3), 452–460 © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605319000693


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