Action plan for Darwin's frogs 359
FIG. 2 Conceptual model showing a threat assessment for Darwin’s frogs (R. rufum and R. darwinii). We identified direct and indirect threats, barriers presented by lack of knowledge, contributing factors and pressures, and plotted their interactions with each other and within the binational conservation strategy. *OIE =World Animal Health Organization.
population size is estimated to be ,50 mature individuals (IUCN, 2019). The species has not been recorded since 1981 despite intense searches across its historical range (Busse, 2002; Bourke et al., 2012; Soto-Azat et al., 2013a;Cuevas, 2014). Rhinoderma darwinii is categorized as Endangered following criteria B2ab(iii) (IUCN, 2019)because (1)its current area of occupancy is estimated to be 224 km2 (,500 km2 threshold; B2), (2) extant populations are small and isolated (a), and (3) the extent and quality of its re- maining habitat continues to decline (b(iii); Crump & Veloso, 2005; Soto-Azat et al., 2013a; Uribe-Rivera et al., 2017; Bourke et al., 2018). Only R. darwinii has been kept and bred in captivity.
A conservation strategy
Under the vision ‘Darwin’s frogs, unique in the world for their reproductive peculiarity, are conserved and valued as an emblem for the protection of the native forests of southern Chile and Argentina’, the Binational Conservation Strategy for Darwin’s Frogs was launched in October 2018. The strategy is divided into two main components: a status review of Rhinoderma spp., and the conservation strategy itself, comprising a threat assessment (Fig. 2) and a list of prioritized conservation actions. The strategy aims to achieve the following goals by 2028:(1) obtain key informa- tion on the biology, management and status of Rhinoderma populations, (2) reduce the main threats to Darwin’s frogs,
and (3) provide the financial, legal and societal support needed for the proposed conservation actions. To this end, the strategy contains 39 actions, grouped under 12 objectives (Supplementary Table 1). Each conservation ac- tion lists responsible stakeholders, deadlines, indicators, potential collaborators and funding sources. The strategy (IUCN ASG–Chile, 2018) has been distributed among rele- vant authorities, conservation organizations, local commu- nities and the general public.
Website
The full Binational Conservation Strategy for Darwin’s Frogs can be downloaded from the strategy’s website (see full reference in IUCN ASG–Chile, 2018). This website pro- vides information on Rhinoderma biology and conservation along with relevant literature and other resources. The strat- egy is intended to be a dynamic and adaptive document, and the website will help with the coordination of identified actions.
Darwin’s Frog Alliance
A key outcome of the conservation planning process was the creation of the Darwin’s Frog Alliance, a network of 47 individuals, representing 30 institutions and a diverse array of stakeholders (from academia, government, zoological
Oryx, 2021, 55(3), 356–363 © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605319001236
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