150 CHAPTER 9 | Malnutrition in the Older Adult
51. State Operations Manual Appendix PP—Guidance to Surveyors for Long Term Care Facilities Transmittals for Appendix PP. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Revised February 3, 2023. Accessed May 25, 2023. www. cms . gov / Medicare / Provider - Enrollment - and - Certification / GuidanceforLawsAndRegulations / Downloads / Appendix - PP - State - Operations - Manual . pdf
52. Ratlif A. Assessment of fluid accumulation. Support Line. 2015;37(5):5-10.
53. Clinical assessment recommendations. American Society of Hand Therapists. 2023. Accessed May 29, 2023. https:// asht . org / practice / clinical - assessment - recommendations
54. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Handgrip Strength Assessment: A Skill to Enhance the Diagnosis of Disease Related Malnutrition. June 10, 2022. Accessed May 29, 2023. www. eatrightstore . org / dpg - and - mig - products / dns / handgrip - strength - assessment - a - skill - to - enhance - the - diagnosis - of - disease - related - malnutrition
55. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Malnutrition in older adults: interventions. Evidence Analysis Library. 2023. Accessed August 21, 2023. www. andeal . org / topic . cfm ? menu = 6064&cat = 6076
56. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2018;48(1):16-31. doi:10 . 1093 / ageing / afy169
57. Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Austin P, et al. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):49-64. doi:10 . 1016 / j . clnu . 2016 . 09 . 004
58. Morley JE, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5(4):253-259. doi:10 . 1007 / s13539 - 014 - 0161 - y
59. Kirk B, Zanker J, Bani Hassan E, Bird S, Brennan-Olsen S, Duque G. Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) criteria are strongly associated with malnutrition, depression, falls, and fractures in high-risk older persons. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22(4):741-745. doi:10 . 1016 / j . jamda . 2020 . 06 . 050
60. Cawthon PM, Manini T, Patel SM, et al. Putative cut- points in sarcopenia components and incident adverse health outcomes: an SDOC analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(7):1429-1437. doi:10 . 1111 / jgs . 16517
61. Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): screening, diagnosis and management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1148-1161. doi:10 . 1007 / s12603 - 018 - 1139 - 9
62. Hegerová P, Deˇdková Z, Sobotka L. Early nutritional support and physiotherapy improved long-term self-sufficiency in acutely ill older patients. Nutrition. 2015;31(1):166-170.
63. Landi F, Calvani R, Tosato M, et al. Protein intake and muscle health in old age: from biological plausibility to clinical evidence. Nutrients. 2016;8(5):295. doi:10 . 3390 / nu8050295
64. Malafarina V, Uriz-Otano F, Malafarina C, Martinez JA, Zulet MA. Effectiveness of nutritional supplementation on sarcopenia and recovery in hip fracture patients. A multi-centre randomized trial. Maturitas. 2017;101:42- 50. doi:10 . 1016 / j . maturitas . 2017 . 04 . 010
65. Borack MS, Volpi E. Efficacy and safety of leucine supplementation in the elderly. J Nutr. 2016;146(12):2625S-2629S. doi:10 . 3945 / jn . 116 . 230771
66. Dupont J, Dedeyne L, Dalle S, Koppo K, Gielen E. The role of omega-3 in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31(6):825-36. doi:10 . 1007 / s40520 - 019 - 01146 - 1
67. Remelli F, Vitali A, Zurlo A, Volpato S. Vitamin D deficiency and sarcopenia in older persons. Nutrients. 2019;11(12):2861. doi:10 . 3390 / nu11122861
68. Uchitomi R, Oyabu M, Kamei Y. Vitamin D and sarcopenia: potential of vitamin D supplementation in sarcopenia prevention and treatment. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3189. doi:10 . 3390 / nu12103189
69. Rodríguez-Mañas L, Féart C, Mann G, et al. Searching for an operational definition of frailty: a Delphi method based consensus statement. The Frailty Operative Definition- Consensus Conference Project. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012;68(1):62-67. doi:10 . 1093 / gerona / gls119
70. Sukkriang N, Punsawad C. Comparison of geriatric assessment tools for frailty among community elderly. Heliyon. 2020;6(9):e04797. doi:10 . 1016 / j . heliyon . 2020 . e04797
71. Kim S, Jung HW, Won CW. What are the illnesses associated with frailty in community-dwelling older adults: the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. Korean J Intern Med. 2020;35(4):1004-1013. doi:10 . 3904 / kjim . 2019 . 097
72. Fried LP, Cohen AA, Xue QL, Walston J, Bandeen-Roche K, Varadhan R. The physical frailty syndrome as a transition from homeostatic symphony to cacophony. Nature Aging. 2021;1(1):36-46. doi:10 . 1038 / s43587 - 020 - 00017 - z
73. Morley JE, Vellas B, Abellan van Kan G, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392-397. doi:10 . 1016 / j . jamda . 2013 . 03 . 022
74. Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Miller DK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(7):601- 608. doi:10 . 1007 / s12603 - 012 - 0084 - 2
75. Alves S, Teixeira L, Ribeiro O, Paúl C. Examining frailty phenotype dimensions in the oldest old. Front Psychol. 2020;11. doi:10 . 3389 / fpsyg . 2020 . 00434
76. Moradell A, Fernández-García ÁI, Navarrete-Villanueva D, et al. Functional frailty, dietary intake, and risk of malnutrition. are nutrients involved in muscle synthesis the key for frailty prevention?. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1231. doi:10 . 3390 / nu13041231
77. Healthy People 2030. US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2020. Accessed May 29, 2023. https:// health . gov / healthypeople
78. Older Adults—Healthy People 2030. US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2020. Accessed May 29, 2023. https:// health . gov / healthypeople / objectives - and - data / browse - objectives / older - adults
79. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2030: Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. Accessed May 29, 2030.
https://health.gov/sites/default /files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd _edition.pdf
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264 |
Page 265 |
Page 266 |
Page 267 |
Page 268 |
Page 269 |
Page 270 |
Page 271 |
Page 272 |
Page 273 |
Page 274 |
Page 275 |
Page 276 |
Page 277 |
Page 278 |
Page 279 |
Page 280 |
Page 281 |
Page 282 |
Page 283 |
Page 284 |
Page 285 |
Page 286 |
Page 287 |
Page 288 |
Page 289 |
Page 290 |
Page 291 |
Page 292 |
Page 293 |
Page 294 |
Page 295 |
Page 296 |
Page 297 |
Page 298 |
Page 299 |
Page 300 |
Page 301 |
Page 302 |
Page 303 |
Page 304 |
Page 305 |
Page 306 |
Page 307 |
Page 308 |
Page 309 |
Page 310 |
Page 311 |
Page 312 |
Page 313 |
Page 314 |
Page 315 |
Page 316 |
Page 317 |
Page 318 |
Page 319 |
Page 320 |
Page 321 |
Page 322 |
Page 323 |
Page 324 |
Page 325 |
Page 326 |
Page 327 |
Page 328 |
Page 329 |
Page 330 |
Page 331 |
Page 332 |
Page 333 |
Page 334 |
Page 335 |
Page 336 |
Page 337 |
Page 338 |
Page 339 |
Page 340 |
Page 341 |
Page 342 |
Page 343 |
Page 344 |
Page 345 |
Page 346 |
Page 347 |
Page 348 |
Page 349 |
Page 350 |
Page 351 |
Page 352 |
Page 353 |
Page 354 |
Page 355 |
Page 356 |
Page 357 |
Page 358 |
Page 359 |
Page 360 |
Page 361 |
Page 362 |
Page 363 |
Page 364 |
Page 365 |
Page 366 |
Page 367 |
Page 368 |
Page 369 |
Page 370 |
Page 371 |
Page 372 |
Page 373 |
Page 374 |
Page 375 |
Page 376 |
Page 377 |
Page 378 |
Page 379 |
Page 380 |
Page 381 |
Page 382 |
Page 383 |
Page 384 |
Page 385 |
Page 386 |
Page 387 |
Page 388 |
Page 389 |
Page 390 |
Page 391 |
Page 392 |
Page 393 |
Page 394 |
Page 395 |
Page 396 |
Page 397 |
Page 398 |
Page 399 |
Page 400 |
Page 401 |
Page 402 |
Page 403 |
Page 404 |
Page 405 |
Page 406 |
Page 407 |
Page 408 |
Page 409 |
Page 410 |
Page 411 |
Page 412 |
Page 413 |
Page 414 |
Page 415 |
Page 416 |
Page 417 |
Page 418 |
Page 419 |
Page 420 |
Page 421 |
Page 422 |
Page 423 |
Page 424 |
Page 425 |
Page 426 |
Page 427 |
Page 428 |
Page 429 |
Page 430 |
Page 431 |
Page 432 |
Page 433 |
Page 434 |
Page 435 |
Page 436 |
Page 437 |
Page 438 |
Page 439 |
Page 440 |
Page 441 |
Page 442 |
Page 443 |
Page 444 |
Page 445 |
Page 446 |
Page 447 |
Page 448 |
Page 449 |
Page 450 |
Page 451 |
Page 452 |
Page 453 |
Page 454 |
Page 455 |
Page 456 |
Page 457 |
Page 458 |
Page 459 |
Page 460 |
Page 461 |
Page 462 |
Page 463 |
Page 464 |
Page 465 |
Page 466 |
Page 467 |
Page 468 |
Page 469 |
Page 470 |
Page 471 |
Page 472 |
Page 473 |
Page 474 |
Page 475 |
Page 476 |
Page 477 |
Page 478 |
Page 479 |
Page 480 |
Page 481 |
Page 482 |
Page 483 |
Page 484 |
Page 485 |
Page 486 |
Page 487 |
Page 488 |
Page 489 |
Page 490 |
Page 491 |
Page 492
