MAKING HISTORY


● The Rising was a military failure but the execution of the leaders and the arrest of others led to people supporting the aims of the Rising.


● III. The Independence Struggle, 1919–21: Sinn Féin easily won the 1918 general election and set up Dáil Éireann instead of going to Westminster (abstentionism). They began a policy of passive resistance to the British Government.


● The Irish Volunteers (later called the IRA) began a guerrilla warfare campaign, particularly hitting the RIC.


● In response, the British Government brought in Black and Tans and Auxiliaries. ● This led to many serious incidents and ambushes. ● IV. The Foundation of Northern Ireland: Founded under the Government of Ireland Act, 1920; serious sectarian conflict with 557 people killed.


● V. The Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Civil War: A truce was agreed in July 1921. This led to the negotiations of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.


● There were serious divisions over the terms of the Treaty which led to a civil war. ● The Civil War was won by the new Irish Free State Government, but the effects of the war lasted for many decades.


Review Questions 1. Questions on Sources


In December 1921, delegates representing the Dáil Government agreed the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty with the British Government. The Irish Free State would be set up with its own parliament, although it would not be a full republic but remain part of the British Empire. The Dáil had to agree to the Treaty as well, and there were passionate (emotional) speeches both for and against the Treaty in the Dáil debates that followed between December 1921 and January 1922. Two of the speakers were Michael Collins and Mary McSwiney.


Read Source A and Source B and answer the questions that follow.


Source A – Michael Collins, one of the delegates who signed the Treaty, speaks in the debates:


The delegates have been blamed for not returning with recognition of the Irish Republic. They are blamed for not having done much better. I say that this Treaty gives us, not recognition of the Irish Republic, but it gives us more recognition than we have got from any other nation. Deputies [TDs opposed to the Treaty] have spoken about whether dead men would approve of it, and they have spoken of whether children yet unborn would approve of it. In my own small way I tried to have before my mind what the whole lot of them would think of it. And the proper way for us to look at it is that way. There is no man here who has more regard for the dead men than I have. I don’t think it is fair to be quoting them against us. I think the decision ought to be a clear decision on the documents as they are before us – on the Treaty as it is before us. On that we shall be judged, as to whether we have done the right thing in our own conscience or not.


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