348


Journal of Paleontology 92(3):336–372


pseudofibrous layer, or recrystallized and in this case mimicing the agglutinated wall of the homeomorphous Thurammininae. Aperture at the end of the projections, on the surface, or inconspicuous.


Occurrence.—?Early Cambrian ofRussia (Winchester-Seeto and McIlroy, 2006; as Thurammina? sp.); Ordovician–Mississippian; probably cosmopolitan at least during their acme during the Givetian–Frasnian. The last, Mississippian, well-represented genus is HemithuramminaMamet, 1973 (see Perret andVachard, 1977); in younger strata, the parathuramminids are very rare and doubtful (Nguyên, 1986, pl. 1, fig. 15).


Remarks.—Parathuramminidae is synonymous with Thur- ammininae Miklukho-Maklay, 1963 (partim); Chrysothur- amminidae Loeblich and Tappan, 1986; and Dagmarellinae Chuvashov, Yuferev, and Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984, which is a nomen nudum because Dagmarella is an invalid genus. Parathuramminidae includes two subfamilies: Parathurammininae Bykova in Bykova and Polenova, 1955 emend. Vachard, 1994; and Parathuramminitinae Antropov, 1970. The collective morphogenus Parathurammina Suleima- nov, 1945 was progressively subdivided into numerous genera or subgenera: Salpingothurammina Poyarkov in Purkin et al., 1961; Parathuramminites Antropov in Poyarkov, 1969; Chrysothurammina Neumann, Pozaryska, and Vachard, 1975; Saltovskajina Sabirov, 1982b; Cordatella Petrova in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984; Marginara Petrova in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984 (nomen correctum Loeblich and Tappan, 1986 for Margarinarae, incorrect name because in the plural); Suleimanovella Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984; Cushmanella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984 (pre-occupied); Bykovaella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984; Radiosphaerella Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984; Kolongella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984; and Polygonella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984. All these taxa were considered to be homeomorphs of the


extant agglutinating genus Thurammina Brady, 1879, which is, however, undoubtedly known only from Jurassic deposits (e.g., Häusler, 1883; Kaźmierczak, 1973; Munk, 1994; Guilbault et al., 2006; Reolid et al., 2008; Reolid and Molina, 2010). Parathurammina sensu stricto is one of these Devonian foraminiferal genera, which shows a dark-microgranular wall in shallow water, transformed into an agglutinating and/or recrys- tallized wall in deeper waters (Vachard et al., 2010; Vachard, 2016a). The name Parathurammina is therefore entirely appro- priate to replace the Paleozoic Thurammina of the literature. Similarly, other names could be given to the Paleozoic representatives of Saccammina, Rhabdammina, Bathysiphon, etc. A parathuramminid character, which is unusual among the foraminifers, is the presence of double chambers joined together; examples are known in Bithurammina, Bisphaera, Bituberitina, Eovolutina, and various parathuramminidae and uralinellidae (e.g., Grozdilova and Lebedeva, 1954, pl. 2, fig. 9; Reitlinger, 1962, pl. 2, fig. 1; Miklukho-Maklay, 1965, pl. 2, fig. 2; Chuvashov, 1965, pl. 3, fig. 7; Poyarkov, 1969, pl. 3, fig. 10; Brunner, 1975, pl. 2, fig. 7, 1976, pl. 4, fig. 9; Poyarkov, 1979, pl. 6, fig. 6; Zukalova, 1981, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2; Petrova, 1981, pl. 11,


Clément, 1994, pl. 2, fig. 8). If the external additional chamber is often questionable (except for Parathurammina praetuberculata ramosa Reitlinger, 1962, pl. 1, fig. 7), internal chambers are most significant, as for example, in Parathurammina (?) aff. P.


figs. 3, 5; Kotlyar, 1982, text-fig. 4; Lin and Hao, 1982, pl. 1, fig. 24; Doan in Tong et al., 1988, pl. 1, fig. 4; Vachard and


dagmarae (sic) sensu Grozdilova and Lebedeva, 1954, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8; and Parathurammina sp. (Grozdilova and Lebedeva, 1954, pl. 2, fig. 9; Reitlinger, 1962, pl. 2, fig. 1; and Poyarkov, 1969, pl. 3, fig. 10). These forms have been termed Bithurammina Miklukho-Maklay, 1963, even if this taxon remains invalid because its type species, Parathurammina (?) aff. P. dagmarae sensu Grozdilova and Lebedeva, was never correctly re-named (see Miklukho-Maklay, 1965; Ektova, 1968; Poyarkov, 1969, 1979; Kotlyar, 1982; Doan in Tong et al., 1988; Vachard, 1991).


Subfamily Parathurammininae Bykova in Bykova and Polenova; 1955 emend. Vachard, 1994


Diagnosis.—Test free, moderate to large in size, globular with many papilliform projections; thin wall unilayered dark-micro- granular, or bilayered with an additionally inner pseudofibrous layer. One distal, areal aperture at the end of each projection.


Occurrence.—Ordovician–early Visean; probably cosmopolitan.


Remarks.—Synonym of Parathuramminae (sic) Zadorozhnyi, 1987 and Dagmarellinae Chuvashov, Yuferev and Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984 (nomen nudum; see earlier), this subfamily encompasses the genera: Parathurammina Suleimanov, 1945; Bykovaella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984; Kolongella Zadorozhnyi in Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev, 1984; and ?Bithurammina Miklukho-Maklay, 1965 non 1963.


Genus Parathurammina Suleimanov, 1945 Type species.—Parathurammina dagmarae Suleimanov, 1945.


Other species.—Parathurammina arguta Pronina, 1960; P. eodagmarae Reitlinger, 1954; P. graciosa Pronina, 1960; P. kokschaalica Ektova, 1968; P. magna Antropov, 1950; P. oldae Suleimanov, 1945; P. parabreviradiosa Saltovskaya, 1981; P. paradagmarae Grozdilova and Lebedeva, 1954; P. uralica Petrova, 1981; ?P. cordata Pronina, 1960; ?P. eoarguta Sabirov, 1984; ?P. marginara Pronina, 1960; ?P. tamarae Pet- rova, 1981 (eventually with a median layer, more or less dia- phanothecal, within the external dark layer, supposed characteristic of Cordatella and/or Marginara); ?Thurammina adamsi Conkin and Conkin, 1964; ?T. arcuata Moreman, 1930; ?T. arenacorna Gutschick, Weiner, and Young, 1961; ?T. echinata Dunn, 1942; ?T. elegans Dunn, 1942; ?T. elliptica Moreman, 1930; ?T. foerstei Dunn, 1942 (= Amphitremoidea according to Nestell and Tolmacheva, 2004); ?T. globosa Ireland, 1939; ?T. hexagona Dunn, 1942: ?T.?hexactinellida Dunn, 1942; ?T. irregularis Moreman, 1930; ?T. inflata Dunn, 1942; ?T. jubata Dunn, 1942; ?T. lawrencensis Ireland, 1956; ?T. limbata Dunn, 1942; ?T. limbata var. disciformis Dunn, 1942; ?T. magna Dunn, 1942; ?T. melleni Dunn, 1942;


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