320
Journal of Paleontology 92(3):313–322
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T., and Ryan, P.D., 2001, PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis: Palaeontologia Electronica, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1–9
http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/ issue1_01.htm
Hoekzema, R.S., Brasier, M.D., Dunn, F.S., and Liu, A.G., 2017, Quantitative study of developmental biology confirms Dickinsonia as a metazoan: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, v. 284, p. 20171348.
Ivantsov, A.Y., 2011, Feeding traces of proarticulata—the Vendian metazoa: Paleontological Journal, v. 45, p. 237–248.
Legendre, P., and Legendre, L., 1998, Numerical Ecology: Amsterdam, Elsevier, Developments in Environmental Modelling, v. 20, 853 p.
Levinton, J.S., 1970, The paleoecological significance of opportunistic species: Lethaia, v. 3, p. 69–78.
Lund, U., and Agostinelli, C., 2015, package “circular”: Circular Statistics, v. 0.4–7,
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/circular/circular.pdf
Paterson, J.R., Gehling, J.G., Droser, M.L., and Bicknell, R.D., 2017, Rheotaxis in the Ediacaran epibenthic organism Parvancorina from South Australia: Scientific Reports, v. 7, 45539.
RCoreTeam 2015, R: A language and environment for statistical computing: Vienna, Austria, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, https://www.
r-project.org
Reid, L.M., García-Bellido, D.C., Payne, J.L., Runnegar, B., and Gehling, J.G., 2017, Possible evidence of primary succession in a juvenile-dominated Ediacara fossil surface from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia: Palaeo- geography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 476, p. 68–76.
Retallack, G.J., 2007, Growth, decay and burial compaction of Dickinsonia,an iconic Ediacaran fossil: Alcheringa, v. 31, p. 215–240.
RStudioTeam 2015, RStudio: Integrated Development for R: Boston, MA, RStudio, Inc.,
https://www.rstudio.com
Runnegar, B., 1982, Oxygen requirements, biology and phylogenetic sig- nificance of the late Precambrian worm Dickinsonia, and the evolution of the burrowing habit: Alcheringa, v. 6, p. 223–239.
Seilacher, A., Grazhdankin, D., and Legouta, A., 2003, Ediacaran biota: the dawn of animal life in the shadow of giant protists: Paleontological Research, v. 7, p. 43–54.
Appendix
Physical characteristics and orientation of Dickinsonia costata on Crisp Gorge “wall” surface. 1Axial Orientation is measured relative to a north proxy (top horizontal bar of the Crisp Wall frame). Axial orientation was not
SAMP Number Axial orientation1 P34200
P34202 P34203 P34205 P34206 P34207 P34209 P34212 P34213 P34217 P34218 P34219 P34220 P34221 P34222 P34223 P34224 P34226 P34228 P34229 P34230 P34232 P34233 P34234 P34235 P34236 P34237 P34238 P34239 P34240
168 73
198 216 332 357 241 103 320 212
103 142 110 58
360 335 173
268 118 323
142 109 189 83
353 110
Width (mm)2 11.65
10.55 13.15 10.54 14.65 14.2 11.5
9.55 10.8
13.75 13.15 12.3 7.5 9.4
12.65 10.2 8.4
17.3 10.3
13.9
12.75 15
14.2 16.8
17.25 18.25 13.45
8.95
measured for specimens in which orientation was indistinct. 2Width and/or length measurements are not included for
specimens that were damaged or the outline of the fossil was unclear.
Length (mm) Units Shrinkage rim Anterior lip Protuberance 11.55
12.15 15
16
13.99 15.25 14.8 12.4
13.1
15.85 11.45 17.15
13.45 14.35 11.9 9.6
18.1 11.4 14.3 12.1 9.3
15.7 14.3
18.75 10.7
18.75 15.6
16.75 19.55 13.25
19 22
15 20
16 19
14 17
18 15
19
20 25
16 23
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sprigg, R.C., 1947, Early Cambrian (?) jellyfishes from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia: Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, v. 71, p. 212–224.
Sperling, E.A., and Vinther, J., 2010, A placozoan affinity for Dickinsonia and the evolution of late Proterozoic metazoan feeding modes: Evolution and Development, v. 12, p. 201–209.
Tarhan, L.G., Droser, M.L., and Gehling, J.G., 2010, Taphonomic controls on Ediacaran diversity: uncovering the holdfast origin of morphologically variable enigmatic structures: Palaios, v. 25, p. 823–830.
Tarhan, L.G., Droser, M.L., Gehling, J.G., and Dzaugis, M.P., 2017, Microbial mat sandwiches and other anactualistic sedimentary features of the Ediacara Member (Rawnsley Quartzite, South Australia): implications for interpretation of the Ediacaran sedimentary record: Palaios, v. 32, p. 181–194.
Valentine, J.W., 1992, Dickinsonia as a polypoid organism: Paleobiology, v. 18, p. 378–382.
Wade, M., 1972, Dickinsonia: polychaete worms from the late Precambrian Ediacara fauna, South Australia: Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, v. 16, p. 171–190.
Wilby, P.R., Carney, J.N., and Howe, M.P.A., 2011, A rich Ediacaran assem- blage from eastern Avalonia: evidence of early widespread diversity in the deep ocean: Geology, v. 39, p. 655–658.
Wood, D.A., Dalrymple, R.W., Narbonne, G.M., Gehling, J.G., and Clapham, M.E., 2003, Paleoenvironmental analysis of the late Neoproterozoic Mistaken Point and Trepassey formations, southeastern Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 40, p. 1375–1391.
Zakrevskaya, M., 2014, Paleoecological reconstruction of the Ediacaran benthic macroscopic communities of the White Sea (Russia): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 410, p. 27–38.
Zhang, X., and Reitner, J., 2006, A fresh look at Dickinsonia: removing it from Vendobionta: Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), v. 80, p. 636–642.
Accepted 16 November 2017
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220