Journal of Paleontology, 92(3), 2018, p. 336–372 Copyright © 2018, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/18/0088-0906 doi: 10.1017/jpa.2017.127
Middle Devonian parathuramminid and earlandiid foraminifers from shallow marine carbonates of the Carnic Alps (Austria)
Daniel Vachard,1 Karl Krainer,2 and Alexander Mörtl2
11 rue des Tilleuls, 59152 France ⟨
Daniel.Vachard@
univ-lille1.fr⟩ or ⟨
Daniel.Vachard@
free.fr⟩ 2Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck Austria ⟨
Karl.Krainer@
uibk.ac.at⟩, ⟨
Alexander.Moertl@student.
uibk.ac.at⟩
Abstract.—The Devonian of the Carnic Alps (Austria) is developed in different facies. The shallow marine facies is up to 1200m thick. The Feldkogel Limestone of the Polinik Formation, >330m thick, was dated as Eifelian–Late Devonian. The Feldkogel Limestone at Mount Polinik is developed in a peritidal facies composed of subtidal, inter- tidal, and supratidal deposits. Subtidal sediments are represented by dark gray Amphipora limestone and intertidal deposits by laminated and partly bioturbated grainstone and packstone, ostracode wackestone to packstone, and locally intercalated intraclast breccias documenting tidal channel fills. Laminated microbial mats (stromatolites) formed in a supratidal depositional environment. Grainstone and packstone contain abundant unilocular para- thuramminid foraminifers. This latter group encompasses a diversified assemblage of ivanovellids, parathuramminids, uralinellids, and irregularinoids; some earlandiids are also present. They are dated herein as late Eifelian–early Givetian. These foraminifers provide a more precise systematics of these taxa, which often have not been studied for more than half a century. The taxonomic problems of their assignment to foraminifers, pseudo-foraminifers, calci- tarcha, thaumatoporellaceans, volvocaleans, or other algae are also discussed. Several taxa are emendated: Parathuramminida, Parathuramminoidea, Irregularinoidea, Eovolutinidae, Ivanovellidae, Parathuramminidae, Uralinellidae, Ivanovella, Elenella, Neoarchaesphaera, Parathurammina, Bykovaella, Uralinella, and Paracaligella. The new taxa are: Ivanovella reitlingerae n. sp., Elenella polinikensis n. sp., Uralinella sabirovi n. sp., and Radiosphaerella poyarkovi n. sp.
Introduction
Many monothalamous Devonian and pre-Devonian foraminifers, which are more or less spherical and have a single, terminal, rounded aperture, are considered as members of the foraminiferal class Astrorhizata; or even as members of the class Textulariata, which more traditionally includes plurilocular agglutinated for- aminifers. This similarity has even been taken to its logical extreme: the assignment of Paleozoic taxa to extant genera of Astrorhizata/Textulariata (e.g., Saccammina, Psammosphaera, Lagenammina, Thurammina, Hyperammina and Sorosphaera) (Loeblich and Tappan, 1964, 1987; Poyarkov, 1969, 1977, 1979; Ross and Ross, 1991; Vdovenko et al., 1993). The parathuramminids are considered as foraminifers princi-
pally because the fossil genus Parathurammina is home- omorphous of the extant genus Thurammina (Vachard, 2016a). However, there are several arguments against this assignment, and other putative phyla have been proposed, to which para- thuramminids may be assigned: (1) Kaźmierczak (1975, 1976) considered this group to be related with calcisphaeraceans and radiosphaeraceans, and might be interpreted as volvocale algae; (2) Vachard (1994) designated these forms as pseudoforaminifers; (3) Préat et al. (2007) included in the calcispheres the genera Calcisphaera, Parathurammina,and Vicinesphaera;(4) Versteegh et al. (2009) assigned the calcisphaeraceans to the Calcitarcha,
which probably, like the acritarchs, constitute a heterogeneous group that includes dinoflagellates, chlorophytes, haptophytes, foraminifers, and radiolarians; (5) Vachard and Clément (1994) indicated possible morphological and paleobiological similarities between some irregularinids or usloniids with thaumatoporellacean incertae sedis algae; Schlagintweit et al. (2013) even synonymized both groups; (6) Vishnevskaya and Sedaeva (2002a, b),Afanasieva and Amon (2011), and Nestell et al. (2011) considered that these forms are radiolarians, the tests of which were calcified after diag- enesis, returning to outdated assumptions about the calcispheres (Williamson, 1880; Pia, 1937); (7) E. Armynot du Châtelet (personal communication, 2016) advocates a relationship with thecamoebian protozoans; this assignment has also been proposed for upper Proterozoic agglutinated, monothalamous tests of Namibia and Mongolia (Bosak et al., 2011, 2012); and (8) the tintinnids, which are other agglutinating protists (Tappan and Loeblich, 1968; Henjes and Assmy, 2008), also display sizes and shapes corresponding to some parathuramminids. Rich assemblages of parathuramminoids and irregular-
inoids discovered in our material provide: (1) a more precise systematics of these taxa, which have not been investigated for more than half a century; (2) more extensive illustrations of these poorly known taxa; (3) additional paleoecological data; and (4) an opportunity to discuss the taxonomical problems of these foraminifers, pseudoforaminifers, or algae.
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