Figure 6. Traces produced on echinoderms. Predation and parasitism on clypeasteroid echinoids from the Northern bay of Safaga (Egypt, Red Sea): (1) Clypeaster humulis showing features related to sublethal predation and parasitism. The symmetry of the petalodium is totally disrupted. The left frontal petalodium is highly inflated due to a gall formation. The frontal petal shows a depression probably representing a healed gall. The right frontal petal is restricted to the distal part only. This may represent an early sublethal wound as the neighboring petals are distended in its direction; (2) Clypeaster humilis showing a massive wound on the oral surface revealing the petalodium from the inner side. Parallel scratches interpreted as tooth marks, attributed to balisted fish, are seen on the left; (3) Echindoscus auritus showing both non-lethal predation on the ambitus as well as a lethal wound at the center of the oral side of the test; (4) Echinocyamus crispus showing a clear bore hole (Oichnus-like) towards the upper right intersecting tubercles and ambulacral pores of the petalodium. Predation on modern echinoids from Santiago de Cuba: (5) Echinometra lucunter and (6) Brissus unicolor showing clear bore holes (Oichnus-like). Miocene of Valencia (E Spain): (7) Clypeaster sp. showing a very irregular ambitus, healed after crab or vertebrate predation. Parasitism on crinoids: (8) stem (Millericrinidae indet.) with simple pits (Tremichnus-like) from the Late Jurassic of the Albarracín Range (Teruel, E Spain); (9) Oenochoacrinus princeps parasitized by platyceratid gastropod from the Valporquero Formation of Colle (León, NW Spain; see Fernández-Martínez et al., 2015) (Photographs 5 to 9 are courtesy of S. Zamora). Scale bars are (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) 1 cm; (4) 0.5mm; (8, 9) 0.5 cm.
