Bauer et al.—Blastoid hydrospire morphology
currently being utilized to simulate functional morphology of blastoids (e.g., Waters et al., 2017) but are available on request by contacting the corresponding author.
Class Blastoidea Say, 1825 Family Granatocrinidae Fay, 1961a
Genus Cryptoblastus Etheridge and Carpenter, 1886 Cryptoblastus melo (Owen and Shumard, 1850) Figure 4.16–4.18
1850 Pentremites melo Owen and Shumard, p. 65, pl. 7, fig. 14a–c.
1886 Cryptoblastus melo; Etheridge and Carpenter, p. 232, pl. 7, figs. 14, 15.
1894 Cryptoblastus melo; Keyes, p. 139, pl. 18, fig. 7a, b. 1903 Cryptoblastus melo; Hambach, p. 40. 1937 Cryptoblastus melo; Cline, p. 636. 1944 Cryptoblastus melo; Cline, p. 137, pl. 51, figs. 32–34.
853
1924 Schizoblastus permicus ellipticus; Wanner, p. 74, pl. 3, figs. 16–19; pl. 4, figs. 1–8.
1924 Schizoblastus magnificus;Wanner, p. 62, pl. 5, figs. 12–13. 1932 Schizoblastus permicus ellipticus;Wanner, pl. 1, figs. 1–6, 8,
1932 Schizoblastus permicus Wanner, pl. 2, fig. 24a, b. 1934 Schizoblastus permicus Jansen, p. 823, text-fig. 5. 1961b Deltoblastus ellipticus; Fay, p. 37. 1961b Deltoblastus magnificus; Fay, p. 38. 1961b Deltoblastus permicus; Fay, p. 38, pl. 1, figs. 1–18.
9, 11–13; pl. 2, figs. 14–23, 39; pl. 3, figs. 26–33; pl. 4, figs. 34, 37, 46.
1961a Cryptoblastus melo; Fay, p. 61, pl. 38, figs. 6–9; text- figs. 98–100.
For a complete pre-1937 bibliography of the species synonymies, the reader is referred to Cline (1937, p. 636).
Description.—Two folds in each group; fold pairs remain close together from base to summit; hydrospire cleft begins small at base, becomes longer toward wider portion of theca, then tapers again as it reaches spiracles, making widest portion of each fold closer to spiracle opening. Overall folds are rather narrow; fold pairs of adjacent groups (same lancet plate) begin close together and bow out slightly, increasing toward top where fold pair becomes closer with fold pair from the adjacent lancet plate. Each group of fold pairs merges to form single spiracle. Anal area reduction absent in C. melo, but anal area folds are merged with anus forming anispiracle, ending with eight small openings and one large opening on the summit.
Remarks.—Cryptoblastus melo is placed within the family Granatocrinidae; no othermodels currently existwithin this group. Similarities can be drawn from C. melo, E. ellipticus, and M. rofei in that the hydrospire canal migrates toward the central axis of the theca. The merged canal of fold pairs appears to extend for a distance that is elongate compared to the other models, with the only other ‘elongate’ canal being present in P. godoni. Unfortunately, it is difficult to assess whether this is truly a unique feature or whether there are summit data missing from other models. The anatomical reconstruction is consistent with previous studies and information on the internal data of C. melo.
Family Schizoblastidae Fay, 1961a Genus Deltoblastus Fay, 1961b
Deltoblastus permicus (Wanner, 1910) Figure 4.4–4.6
1910 Schizoblastus permicus Wanner, p. 138, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9. 1924 Schizoblastus permicus Wanner, p. 69, pl. 6, figs. 13–18; pl. 7, figs. 9–12; pl. 8, figs. 1–3.
1962 Cryptoblastus melo; Armstrong, p. 65, pl. 9, figs. 31–40. 1969 Cryptoblastus cf. melo; Macurda, p. 463, pl. 63, figs.14, 15.
Description.—Two folds in each group; hydrospire cleft remains relatively stable in length for duration of folds, each fold pair reaching surface as single spiracle. Overall folds rather narrow but uniform; folds do not extend far into coelomic cavity but extend short distance from interior plate walls; groups of adjacent fold pairs (same lancet plate) positioned closely together and angle out very slightly, increasing toward top, where fold pair approaches fold pair from adjacent lancet plate. Anal area reduction present in D. permicus but anal area spiracles small and separate from anus, ending with eleven openings on summit.
Remarks.—Deltoblastus permicus is placed within the family Schizoblastidae; no other models currently exist for this group. The model for D. permicus is incomplete, stopping at or near the deltoid-radial suture. Either the sectioning process was terminated due to ample data from the already sectioned portion of the theca or the structures did not continue or were not visible in the next portion of the theca. The lack of additional sections prevents an understanding of hydrospire duration in the theca. This model is one of two with a reduction in hydrospire folds in the anal area. In addition, the hydrospire canal in this model does not extend far into the body cavity as all of the other models do; this results in narrow folds with decreased surface area. The anatomical reconstruction is consistent with previous studies and information on the internal data of D. permicus.
Family Troosticrinidae Bather, 1899 Genus Diploblastus Fay, 1961a
Diploblastus glaber (Meek and Worthen, 1869) Figure 4.7–4.9
1869 Granatocrinus glaber Meek and Worthen, p. 91.
1873 Granatocrinus glaber Meek and Worthen, p. 537, pl. 20, fig. 11.
1961a Diploblastus glaber; Fay, pl. 48, figs. 1–12; pl. 49, figs. 1–9; text-figs. 113–119.
1903 Granatocrinus glaber Hambach, p. 65.
Description.—Two folds in each group; hydrospire cleft short and stout with apparent increase in length around center of specimen, tapering toward summit; stout cleft provides apparent robustness to hydrospire structure; this robustness clouds ability to clearly identify each fold in completed model; each fold increases in width from bottom, which starts as narrow and increases in extent into the coelomic cavity as it approaches
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