search.noResults

search.searching

note.createNoteMessage

search.noResults

search.searching

orderForm.title

orderForm.productCode
orderForm.description
orderForm.quantity
orderForm.itemPrice
orderForm.price
orderForm.totalPrice
orderForm.deliveryDetails.billingAddress
orderForm.deliveryDetails.deliveryAddress
orderForm.noItems
826


Journal of Paleontology 91(4):815–828


and assistance with specimens in museum collections; S. Sheffield for assistance coding Eumorphocystis; and S. Edie for kindly providing lodging while I visited the Field Museum collections. This study and an early draft of the manuscript were greatly improved by innumerable discussions with W. Ausich and D. Wright. I thank T. Kammer and an anonymous reviewer for thoughtful reviews of the manuscript and S. Zamora for helpful comments. This research was supported in part by graduate research grants from the Paleontological Society, Sigma Xi, The Ohio State University Friends of Orton Hall fund, and the Palaeontological Association, in addition to the National Science Foundation Assembling the Echinoderm Tree of Life grant (W. Ausich, DEB 1036416).


Accessibility of supplemental data


Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi. org/10.5061/dryad.js3ph.


References Ausich, W.I., 1985, New crinoids and revision of the superfamily Glypto- crinacea (early Silurian, Ohio): Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, p. 793–808.


Ausich, W.I., 1986, Early Silurian rhodocrinitacean crinoids (Brassfield Formation, Ohio): Journal of Paleontology, v. 60, p. 84–106.


Ausich, W.I., 1996, Crinoid plate circlet homologies: Journal of Paleontology, v. 70, p. 955–964.


Ausich, W.I., 1998a, Early phylogeny and subclass division of the Crinoidea (Phylum Echinodermata): Journal of Paleontology, v. 72, p. 499–510.


Ausich, W.I., 1998b, Phylogeny of Arenig to Caradoc crinoids (Phylum Echinodermata) and suprageneric classification of the Crinoidea: The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, v. 9, p. 1–36.


Ausich, W.I., and Copper, P., 2010, The Crinoidea of Anticosti Island, Québec (Late Ordovician to early Silurian): Palaeontographica Canadiana, v. no. 29, 157 p.


Ausich, W.I., and Deline, B., 2012, Macroevolutionary transition in crinoids following the Late Ordovician extinction event (Ordovician to early Silurian): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 361, p. 38–48.


Ausich, W.I., Kammer, T.W., and Baumiller, T.K., 1994, Demise of the middle Paleozoic crinoid fauna:Asingle extinction event or rapid faunal turnover?: Paleobiology, v. 20, p. 345–361.


Ausich,W.I., Bolton, T.E., and Cummings, L.M., 1998,Whiterockian (Ordovician) crinoid fauna from the Table Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 35, p. 121–130.


Ausich, W.I., Gil Cid, M.D., and Alonso, P.D., 2002, Ordovician [Dobrotivian (Llandeillian Stage) to Ashgill] crinoids (Phylum Echinodermata) from the Montes de Toledo and Sierra Morena, Spain with implications for paleogeography of peri-Gondwana: Journal of Paleontology, v. 76, p. 975–992.


Ausich, W.I., Sá, A.A., and Gutiérrez-Marco, J., 2007, New and revised occurrences of Ordovician crinoids from southwestern Europe: Journal of Paleontology, v. 81, p. 1374–1383.


Ausich, W.I., Kammer, T.W., Rhenberg, E.C., and Wright, D.F., 2015, Early phylogeny of crinoids within the pelmatozoan clade: Palaeontology, v. 58, p. 937–952.


Bapst, D.W., and Hopkins, M.J., 2016, Comparing cal3 and other a posteriori time-scaling approaches in a case study with the Pterocephaliid trilobites: Paleobiology, v. 43, p. 49–67.


Bassler, R.S., 1943, New Ordovician cystidean echinoderms from Olkahoma: American Journal of Science, v. 241, p. 694–703.


Bell, M.A., and Lloyd, G.T., 2015, strap: An R package for plotting phylogenies against stratigraphy and assessing their stratigraphic congruence: Palaeon- tology, v. 58, p. 379–389.


Benton, M.J., and Storrs, G.W., 1994, Testing the quality of the fossil record: Paleontological knowledge is improving: Geology, v. 22, p. 111–114.


Billings, E., 1857, New species of fossils from Silurian rocks of Canada: Canada Geological Survey, Report of Progress 1853–1856, Report for the year, v. 1856, p. 247–345.


Billings, E., 1859, On the Crinoideae of the lower Silurian rocks of Canada: Canadian Geological Survey, Figures and Descriptions of Canadian Organic Remains, Decade, v. 4, p. 7–66.


Bockelie, J.F., 1981, Functional morphology and evolution of the cystoid Echinosphaerites: Lethaia, v. 14, p. 189–202.


Bockelie, J.F., 1984, The Diploporita of the Oslo region, Norway: Palaeontol- ogy, v. 27, p. 1–68.


Botting, J.P., 2003, Llanvirn (Middle Ordovician) echinoderms from Llandegley Rocks, central Wales: Palaeontology, v. 46, p. 685–708.


Branson, E.B., and Peck, R.E., 1940, A new cystoid from the Ordovician of Oklahoma: Journal of Paleontology, v. 14, p. 89–92.


Brower, J.C., 1973, Crinoids from the Girardeau Limestone (Ordovician): Palaeontographica Americana, v. 7, p. 263–499.


Brower, J.C., 1974, Upper Ordovician xenocrinids (Crinoidea, Camerata) from Scotland: The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, v. Paper 67, p. 1–25.


Brower, J.C., 1994, Camerate crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group, Dunleith Formation) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota: Journal of Paleontology, v. 68, p. 570–599.


Brower, J.C., and Veinus, J., 1974, Middle Ordovician crinoids from southwestern Virginia and eastern Tennessee: Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 66, p. 1–125.


Carlson, S.J., 2001, Ghosts of the past, present, and future in brachiopod systematics: Journal of Paleontology, v. 75, p. 1109–1118.


Cole, S.R., 2015, A phylogenetic test of the suprageneric classification of diplobathrid crinoids: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 47, p. 853.


Cole, S.R., and Ausich, W.I., 2015, Phylogenetic analysis of the Ordovician Diplobathrida (Subclass Camerata, Class Crinoidea): Implications for early camerate evolution, in Zamora, S., and Rábano, I., eds., Progress in Echinoderm Paleobiology: Cuadernos del museo Geominero, 19, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, p. 41–44.


Cole, S.R., Ausich, W.I., Colmenar, J., and Zamora, S., 2017, Filling the Gondwanan gap: Diverse crinoids from the Castillejo and Fombuena formations (Middle and Upper Ordovician, Iberian Chains, Spain): Journal of Paleontology, doi: 10.1017/jpa.2016.135.


Donovan, S.K., and Cope, J.C.W., 1989, A new camerate crinoid from the Arenig of South Wales: Palaeontology, v. 32, p. 101–107.


Donovan, S.K., and Gilmour, N., 2003, New camerate crinoids from the Ordovician of Scotland and Wales: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, v. 93, p. 155–161.


Eckert, J.D., 1988, Late Ordovician extinction of North American and British crinoids: Lethaia, v. 21, p. 147–167.


Farris, J.S., 1989, The retention index and rescaled consistency index: Cladistics, v. 5, p. 417–419.


Foote, M., 1994, Morphological disparity in Ordovician–Devonian crinoids and the early saturation of morphological space: Paleobiology, v. 20, p. 320–344.


Foote, M., 1997, Estimating taxonomic durations and preservation probability: Paleobiology, v. 23, p. 278–300.


Foote, M., 1999, Morphological diversity in the evolutionary radiation of Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic crinoids: Paleobiology, v. 25, p. 1–115.


Foote, M., and Raup, D.M., 1996, Fossil preservation and the stratigraphic ranges of taxa: Paleobiology, v. 22, p. 121–140.


Frest, T.J., and Strimple, H.L., 1981, New camerate crinoids from the Silurian of North America: Journal of Paleontology, v. 55, p. 639–655.


Frest, T.J., Strimple, H.L., and Kelly, S.M., 1976, A new Ordovician camerate crinoid from Kentucky: Southeastern Geology, v. 17, p. 139–148.


Gil, D., Domínguez, P., Torres, M., and Jiménez, I., 1999, A mathematical tool to analyze radially symmetrical organisms and its application to a new camerate from Upper Ordovician of south western Spain: Geobios, v. 32, p. 861–867.


Guensburg, T.E., 1984, Echinodermata of the Middle Ordovician Lebanon Limestone, central Tennessee: Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 86, 100 p.


Guensburg, T.E., 2012, Phylogenetic implications of the oldest crinoids: Journal of Paleontology, v. 86, p. 455–461.


Guensburg, T.E., and Sprinkle, J., 2003, The oldest known crinoids (Early Ordovician, Utah) and a new crinoid plate homology system: Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 364, 43 p.


Guensburg, T.E., and Sprinkle, J., 2009, Solving the mystery of crinoid ancestry: New fossil evidence of arm origin and development: Journal of Paleonto- logy, v. 83, p. 350–364.


Guensburg, T.E., and Waisfeld, B.G., 2015, South America’s earliest (Ordovician, Floian) crinoids: Journal of Paleontology, v. 89, p. 622–630.


Gyllenhaal, J.A., 1772, Beskrifning pa de sa kallade Crystall-aplen och kalkbollar, sasom petreficerade Djur af Echini genus, eller dess narmaste slagtningar: Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar, v. 33, p. 239–261.


Hall, J., 1847, Palaeontology of New York, Volume I. Containing Descriptions of the Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New-York System (Equivalent of the Lower Silurian Rocks of Europe), Natural History of New York, Part 6: Albany, New York, C. Van Benthuysen, 338 p.


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156  |  Page 157  |  Page 158  |  Page 159  |  Page 160  |  Page 161  |  Page 162  |  Page 163  |  Page 164  |  Page 165  |  Page 166  |  Page 167  |  Page 168  |  Page 169  |  Page 170  |  Page 171  |  Page 172  |  Page 173  |  Page 174  |  Page 175  |  Page 176  |  Page 177  |  Page 178  |  Page 179  |  Page 180  |  Page 181  |  Page 182  |  Page 183  |  Page 184  |  Page 185  |  Page 186  |  Page 187  |  Page 188  |  Page 189  |  Page 190  |  Page 191  |  Page 192  |  Page 193  |  Page 194  |  Page 195  |  Page 196  |  Page 197  |  Page 198  |  Page 199  |  Page 200  |  Page 201  |  Page 202  |  Page 203  |  Page 204  |  Page 205  |  Page 206  |  Page 207  |  Page 208  |  Page 209  |  Page 210  |  Page 211  |  Page 212  |  Page 213  |  Page 214  |  Page 215  |  Page 216  |  Page 217  |  Page 218  |  Page 219  |  Page 220  |  Page 221  |  Page 222  |  Page 223  |  Page 224  |  Page 225  |  Page 226  |  Page 227  |  Page 228  |  Page 229  |  Page 230  |  Page 231  |  Page 232  |  Page 233  |  Page 234  |  Page 235  |  Page 236  |  Page 237  |  Page 238  |  Page 239  |  Page 240  |  Page 241  |  Page 242  |  Page 243  |  Page 244  |  Page 245  |  Page 246  |  Page 247  |  Page 248  |  Page 249  |  Page 250  |  Page 251  |  Page 252  |  Page 253  |  Page 254  |  Page 255  |  Page 256  |  Page 257  |  Page 258  |  Page 259  |  Page 260  |  Page 261  |  Page 262  |  Page 263  |  Page 264  |  Page 265  |  Page 266  |  Page 267  |  Page 268  |  Page 269  |  Page 270  |  Page 271  |  Page 272  |  Page 273  |  Page 274  |  Page 275  |  Page 276  |  Page 277  |  Page 278  |  Page 279  |  Page 280  |  Page 281  |  Page 282  |  Page 283  |  Page 284  |  Page 285  |  Page 286  |  Page 287  |  Page 288