820
Journal of Paleontology 91(4):815–828
Table 3. Genera, species, and coding references used in the comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. Asterisk (*) denotes non–type species coded due to poor preservation of the type; dagger (†) denotes non–type genus coded because type is Silurian. First appearance is given for genus. Family designation is based on traditional classification.
Genus and species coded
Order Diplobathrida Ambonacrinus decorus Cole et al., 2017
Family First appearance Rhodocrinitidae Katian
Cnemecrinus fillmorensis Guensburg and Sprinkle, 2003 Reteocrinidae Tremadocian Guensburg and Sprinkle, 2003 Cotylacrinna sandra Brower, 1994
Anthracocrinus primitivus Strimple and Watkins, 1955 Anthracocrinidae Sandbian Archaeocrinus microbasalis* (Billings, 1857) Atactocrinus wilmingtonensis Weller, 1916 Balacrinus basalis (M'Coy, 1850) Bromidocrinus nodosus Kolata, 1982 Cefnocrinus samgilmouri Botting, 2003 Cleiocrinus regius Billings, 1857
Crinerocrinus parvicostatus Kolata, 1982 Dalicrinus hammanni Cole et al., 2017 Deocrinus asperatus (Billings, 1859) Diabolocrinus arbucklensis* Kolata, 1982
Goyacrinus gutierrezi Cole et al., 2017
Anthracocrinidae Darriwilian Rhodocrinitidae Sandbian
Rhodocrinitidae Katian Rhodocrinitidae Sandbian Anthracocrinidae Katian
Eodimerocrinites littlewoodi Donovan and Gilmour, 2003 Dimerocrinitidae Katian Euptychocrinus skopaios* Brower, 1994 Fombuenacrinus nodulus Cole et al., 2017 Gaurocrinus nealli (Hall, 1866)
Gustabilicrinus plektanikaulos Guensburg, 1984 Hercocrinus ornatus* Hudson, 1907 Maquoketocrinus ornatus Slocom, 1924 Neoarchaeocrinus pyriformis (Billings, 1857) Ortsaecrinus cocae Gil et al., 1999
Paradiabolocrinus stellatus* Kolata, 1982
Quechuacrinus tisca Guensburg and Waisfeld, 2015 Reteocrinus alveolatus* (Miller and Gurley, 1894) Rhaphanocrinus subnodosus (Walcott, 1883) Rheocrinus aduncus (Haugh, 1979)
Rhodocrinitidae Darriwilian Rhodocrinitidae Sandbian Rhodocrinitidae Sandbian
Dimerocrinitidae Katian Anthracocrinidae Katian Reteocrinidae Katian Anthracocrinidae Katian Anthracocrinidae Sandbian Anthracocrinidae Sandbian Rhodocrinitidae Katian
Pararchaeocrinus decoratus Strimple and Watkins, 1955 Rhodocrinitidae Sandbian Proexenocrinus inyoensis Strimple and McGinnis, 1972 Rhodocrinitidae Floian Ptychocrinus splendens (Miller, 1883)
Rosfacrinus robustus Le Menn and Spjeldnaes, 1996
Dimerocrinitidae Katian Reteocrinidae Floian Reteocrinidae Sandbian
Simplococrinus persculptus Frest, Strimple, and Kelly, 1976 Rhodocrinitidae Katian Rhodocrinitidae Hirnantian
Wilsonicrinus culmensinuosus† Brower and Veinus, 1974 Anthemocrinidae Sandbian Rhodocrinitidae Katian Floian
Order Monobathrida Abludoglyptocrinus charltoni (Kolata, 1975)
Adelphicrinus fortuitus Guensburg and Sprinkle, 2003 Alisocrinus tetrarmatus† Brower, 1973 Astakocrinus teren Ausich and Copper, 2010
Glyptocrinidae Sandbian Uncertain
Melocrinitidae Hirnantian Stelidocrinidae Hirnantian
Canistrocrinus typus* (Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897) Tanaocrinidae Katian Celtocrinus ubaghsi Donovan and Cope, 1989 Compsocrinus harrisi (Miller, 1881)
Unknown Macrostylocrinus cirrifer† Ramsbottom, 1961
Eknomocrinus wahwahensis Guensburg and Sprinkle, 2003 Eknomocrinidae Tremadocian Guensburg and Sprinkle, 2003 Eopatelliocrinus ornatus* (Billings, 1857) Glyptocrinus decadactylus Hall, 1847
Tanaocrinidae Katian Patelliocrinidae Katian
Floian
Periglyptocrinus billingsi Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897 Glyptocrinidae Sandbian Pycnocrinus dyeri* (Meek, 1872) Xenocrinus baeri* (Meek, 1872)
Glyptocrinidae Katian Xenocrinidae Katian
Glyptocrinidae Sandbian Patelliocrinidae Katian
Brower, 1994 Kolata, 1982
Cole et al., 2017 Hudson, 1907 Kolata, 1982
Donovan and Gilmour, 2003 Brower, 1994
Billings, 1859; Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897 Gil et al., 1999; Ausich, Gil Cid, and Alonso, 2002 Kolata, 1982
Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897; Springer, 1905 Cole et al., 2017 Guensburg, 1984 Hudson, 1907 Slocom, 1924
Cole et al., 2017
Strimple and Watkins, 1955; Kolata, 1982 Strimple and McGinnis, 1972; Ausich, 1985 Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897; Brower, 1973 Guensburg and Waisfeld, 2015 Springer, 1911; Guensburg, 1984
Rhodocrinitidae Darriwilian Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897 Anthracocrinidae Katian Dimerocrinitidae Katian
Haugh, 1979 LeMenn and Spjeldnaes, 1996
Trichinocrinus terranovicus Moore and Laudon, 1943b Rhodocrinitidae Darriwilian Moore and Laudon, 1943b; Ausich, Bolton, and Cummings, 1998 Ursucrinus stellatus Ausich and Copper, 2010 Visocrinus castelli Ausich, Gil Cid, and Alonso, 2002
Ausich, Gil Cid, and Alonso, 2002 Brower and Veinus, 1974
Guensburg and Sprinkle, 2003 Brower, 1973
Kolata, 1975 Ausich and Copper, 2010
Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897 Donovan and Cope, 1989
Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897 Brower, 1994
Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897 Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897
Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897 Ramsbottom, 1961
Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897; Brower, 1974
Frest, Strimple, and Kelly, 1976; Kelly, Frest, and Strimple, 1978 Ausich and Copper, 2010
Coding references Cole et al., 2017
Archaeocrinidae Darriwilian Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897 Rhodocrinitidae Katian Archaeocrinidae Sandbian Rhodocrinitidae Sandbian Rhodocrinitidae Darriwilian Cleiocrinidae Darriwilian
Ramsbottom, 1961 Kolata, 1982
Botting, 2003; Donovan and Gilmour, 2003 Springer, 1905
Strimple and Watkins, 1955; Kolata, 1982 Weller, 1916
Figure 2. Single most parsimonious tree recovered from the reweighted parsimony analysis with characters weighted using rescaled consistency (RC). Support for nodes is given by bootstrap values (above) and Bremer support (below). Labels at nodes represent major clades recognized herein. Unique character combinations useful for diagnosing taxa descending from each node are as follows; characters are plesiomorphic unless designated as shared derived characters by asterisks: Node A: (1) small, irregular interray plates, (2) *interrays not ankylosed, (3) posterior interray with anitaxis; (4) posterior interray with anitaxial ridge; (5) variable location of primaxil (third–fifth primibrachial), (6) 20 free arm openings, (7) apinnulate, (8) brachials rectilinear uniserial, (9) stem pentameric; Node B (Eucamerata): (1) *primaxil located on the second primibrachial, (2) *pinnulate, (3) interray plating regular, (4) stem holomeric; Node C: (1) *radials largest plates in calyx, (2) calyx high to very high; (3) posterior interray with anitaxis plating, and (4) posterior interray with anitaxial ridge; Node D (Monobathrida): (1) *one circlet below the radials, (2) basal circlet upright, (3) *radial circlet uninterrupted or only in the CD interray; Node E: (1) *fixed brachials branch twice, (2) *20 arm openings, (3) *two secundibrachials; Node F: (1) fixed brachials branch once, (2) 10 arm openings, (3) ≥ three secundibrachials; Node G (Diplobathrida): (1) two circlets below the radials, (2) concave calyx base, (3) basals partially visible in side view, (4) radials interrupted in all interrays; Node H: (1) *15–20 arm openings, (2) *two bifurcations maximum in brachials. Plate diagrams (right) correspond to representative taxa included in the analysis; black = radials; light shading = interrays; dark shading = posterior interray; cross-hatching = plating unknown (redrawn from Kolata [1982; Anthracocrinus, Paradiabolocrinus], Moore and Laudon [1943a; Ptychocrinus], Ubaghs [1978; Archaeocrinus, Glyptocrinus, Reteocrinus], and Guensburg and Sprinkle [2003; Eknomocrinus]).
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