b Hunched from years of toil and hardship, the old woman once more climbed to toll the bell.
c The fisherman, who was steering the boat, thought he heard a bell warning them.
d The church that stood alone on the crumbling cliff made one last effort to resist the sea.
Adverbs and adverbial phrases and clauses
1 Adverbs usually tell you more about verbs, although some adverbs tell you more about adjectives. Find the adverbs in each sentence. For each adverb, decide whether it is an adverb of time, place, manner or degree. a The group danced magnificently. b Your pocket money will be stopped immediately.
c It is said that aliens landed here. d Please line up quietly outside, instead of pushing and shoving.
e If they moved quickly, the runners could be here soon.
f He was so angry that he spluttered. g Yesterday we threw a surprise party for her. h The sea is extremely rough now.
2 Write three sentences in which you use adverbs to describe verbs.
3 Write three sentences in which you use adverbs to describe adjectives.
4 Read the sentences and decide whether the words in italics are adverbial phrases or clauses. Indicate which question – how? why? when? or where? – each one answers. a The villages ran to safety, as quickly as possible.
b The old bell woman rang the bell, regardless of the
c The fisherman were saved because they heard the bell.
d The morning calmed the storm as soon as the sun appeared.
e The sea god laughed in the midst of the storm. Conjunctions
1 Choose one or two conjunctions to complete each sentence so that it makes sense. You may not use a conjunction more than once.
because, if, since, although, unless, but, until a He managed to get to the side of the pool . . . he couldn’t really swim.
b I won’t help you . . . you concentrate now. c I expected the silkworms to die . . . they had no fresh leaves, . . . they survived.
d Let me know . . . you would like to stay here. 148
e We have had constant noise . . . our neighbour started giving music lessons.
f I didn’t follow him . . . I saw that he wasn’t armed.
2 Sometimes sentences start with conjunctions. For example: I am leaving unless you stop shooting me with your water pistol can become Unless you stop shooting me with your water pistol, I am leaving. Note that when you start with a conjunction, you need a comma to separate the clauses. Rewrite these sentences starting with the conjunction (the word in bold). Remember that you will need a comma to separate the clauses. a I left the sweets behind because my rucksack was too heavy.
b I will bring the wood if you can bring your father’s tools.
c I will buy you a pizza unless they cost more than R10.
d He won’t be able to participate in the class until he learns English.
3 Read the following passage. Do you see how boring and jerky writing sounds if all the sentences are simple sentences that are the same length? Rewrite the passage using conjunctions to vary the length of the sentences and to make your writing flow. Your passage should contain three sentences.
I rushed home. I hoped my grandparents had arrived. They were not there. I was disappointed. They phoned to say they would be here soon. I cheered up. I waited at the gate. They arrived.
Pronouns
1 Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. Complete these sentences by using the correct pronouns. Remember that personal pronouns change according to whether they are the subject or the object. (Note that a good way to decide whether to use Alan and I or Alan and me is to take away the Alan and and to see whether I or me sounds right.) a Alan and I/me plan to go to the show tomorrow.
b Whatever your dream is, go for them/it. c He left some cake for my brother and I/me. d This is mine and that is theirs/their’s/ they’s. e You left yours/your at home!
2 Relative pronouns refer to something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. They need to be placed as close as possible to the word to which they refer. They are useful linking words in sentences and paragraphs. Use the relative pronouns, who, whose, which, that, (to) whom to link the sentences into one to longer sentence.
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