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ONLY Sea lice
Stirling research ROUND UP
Scotland alone spending over £30 million per year on mitigation. Despite the continued focus of the aquacul- ture industry on the use of integrated pest management, alternative approaches are urgently required. The Institute of Aquaculture (IoA) is at the forefront of the battle against sea lice, with research projects on all main strategies, including the deployment of cleaner fi sh, the development of a vaccine, studies on host/parasite resistance designed to identify the parasite’s weak spots and the screening/development of novel products to re- duce sea lice burdens. Professor Herve Migaud, Director of Research at the IoA, commented: ‘These projects dem- onstrate the leading position occupied by the Institute in supporting the Scottish aquaculture sector and underline our strong commitment to solving current problems in sustainable aquaculture in the UK and worldwide.’
S
WRASSE - A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL The cohabitation of cultured native cleaner-wrasse species with salmon stocks is widely considered as one of the most environmentally friendly and sustainable solu- tions to pest management. This sustainability is nonethe- less only achievable if the wrasse are farmed rather than wild-caught. The farming of wrasse is currently in its rela- tive infancy, with limited knowledge of their reproductive physiology, spawning behaviour, larval development and general performance in captivity. Leading Scottish salmon producers, Marine Harvest Scotland (MHS) and Scottish Sea Farms Ltd (SSF), and scientists from the Institute of Aquaculture (IoA) Reproduction & Genetics team have been recently awarded co-funding of £2.1m from the Technology Strategy Board to support their collaborative wrasse initiative. John Webster, Technical Director of the SSPO, says: ‘We are delighted that Scottish salmon farm- ing has attracted TSB funding for a project designed to further improve the industry’s sustainability. The prospect of biological control of sea lice through the use of cleaner wrasse is exciting and promising.’ The project started in January 2012 with the aim of developing the technolo- gies to breed and grow commercially viable numbers of wrasse in tanks and to deploy in the salmon industry. Benefi ting from extensive expertise in aquaculture
TACKLING SEA LICE AT THE INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE
ventures and in the use of wrasse as a biological control against sea lice, the industrial partners are currently run- ning a dedicated wrasse hatchery in University of Stirling premises at Machrihanish (formerly Machrihanish Marine Farm Ltd), presently holding over 1000 ballan wrasse broodstock under different light and temperature re- gimes. The project is supported by two dedicated IoA sci- entists: Bridie Grant (PhD student) and Dr Eric Leclercq (Post-Doctoral Research scientist) under the supervision of Professor Herve Migaud and Dr Andrew Davie. Achievements in 2012 include: improved spawning quan- tity and quality; refi nement of larval rearing protocols; the testing of custom-designed wrasse diets (in collaboration with fi sh feed companies); increased understanding of sex identifi cation; and manipulation, stress response, behav-
28 Untitled-2 28
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THE Crown Estate is calling for nominations and entries for this year’s Scottish Marine Aquaculture Awards. There are nine award categories and entries are welcomed
from individuals, companies and other organisations involved in the Scottish marine aquaculture industry who employ the highest standards of aquaculture husbandry; supply Scottish
£44 PER YEAR SUBSCRIBE ONLINE
Stirling scientists tackle global sea lice problem Hungarian Aquaculture
ea lice are naturally occurring obligate crusta- cean ectoparasites of salmon that continue to be one of the most costly and challenging fi sh health issues for the salmon farming industry, with
Hungary for success An apple a day…
Opposite: Wrasse broodstock at
iour and wild wrasse population dynamic and genetics. One of the most important tasks during this fi rst year was to confi rm the effi ciency of wrasse in removing sea lice from salmon. The delousing effi ciency of wild wrasse in sea cages is
well documented across Scotland and Norway. However, this is not the case of their hatchery counterparts that have been reared on dry pellets. A preliminary trial at Machrihanish Marine Environmental Research Laboratory (MERL) assessed the performance of cohabiting hatch- ery-reared ballan wrasse (c30g in weight) in delousing Atlantic salmon (c150g in weight). The experiment tested two wrasse/salmon ratios (6% or 12% wrasse by number) with 50 salmon (± 7.5 lice / salmon). The trial proved to be highly successful, with the total sea lice burden being reduced by 86% and 98% (6% and 12% treatments, respectively) following 40h of cohabita- tion with both gravid female and adult/pre-adult stages preyed upon (Figure 1).
VACCINE – A NEW WEAPON IN THE WAR One alternative to the use of therapeutic medicines
would be the development of an effi cacious vaccine, pro- viding long-term protection. Such a vaccine would
Machrihanish wrasse hatchery (P Featherstone) Above: Male and female sealice (W Roy) Figure 1: Average sea- lice count per salmon (15 salmon assessed / treatment / tank) at the start of the experiment (0h) and following 40h of cohabitation with 6% or 12% ballan wrasse (30g, hatchery-origin) in 600 L tanks at a water temperature of 13.5°C (Migaud H and Leclercq E)
SUCCESS Hungary for
CASTING AN EYE ON EASTERN EUROPE
Historically hatchery- reared wrasse have been less effective
Figure 1 28 06/03/2013 11:03:53
TIBOR FELEDI, GERGO GYALOG, ANDRAS RÓNYAI AND LASZLO VÁRADI RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FISHERIES, AQUACULTURE AND IRRIGATION (HAKI), SZARVAS, HUNGARY
Combined extensive
and intensive systems are increasingly popular
16 Untitled-2 16
with a yearly production of 12-14,000 tons, accounting for 85-90 per cent of the volume. Changes in annual production mainly come from the fact that most pond farmers use traditional low intensity (extensive or semi-intensive) technologies, characterised by strong reliance on natural food production, thus yearly harvests are subject to weather conditions. This kind of fi sh farming activity is often considered to be the oldest in Europe, dating back to Medieval times, and is considered a cultural heritage in certain regions of Central and Eastern Europe. Typical fi sh ponds are earthen enclosures and cereals are applied as supplemen- tary feed to natural food, contributing to 30-60% of the biomass gain, depending on the level of farming intensity.
T
otal annual aquaculture production in Hungary varies between 14,000 and 16,000 tons. As in most Central and Eastern European countries, pond culture is the most important subsector,
Fish yields range from 500-1,000 kg ha-1 year-1 in extensive technologies to 1,000 – 2,000 kg ha-1 year- 1 in semi-intensive technologies. These plankton and cereal-based traditional technologies do not allow the production of valuable predatory species – 95-98% of the biomass gain originates from the growth of common carp (75-80%) and Asian carps. Carnivorous fi sh are only used in these technologies to control undesirable fi sh species, as direct feeding with pellets is not effi cient in polyculture. Although this way of farming can be regarded as a resource-saving, environmental-friendly production, numerous factors have challenged its economical sustain- ability. Rising fi xed costs, deteriorating market position of carps (demand shifting toward predators) and increasing bird predation have adverse effects on profi tability of low-intensity technologies. However, two distinct pond culture development models show themselves adaptable to survive: (i) creating a multifunctional farming model and generating income from angling, bird watching and tourism; (ii) applying intensive technologies that rely almost exclusively on for- mulated feeds (in combination with of the use of smaller ponds or cages in ponds) and cutting the fi xed costs per kg fi sh by increasing yields to 5-15,000 kg ha-1 year-1.
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Probably, as always, the best path to follow lies between the extremes: integration of certain elements of the two models creates a good opportunity for combined extensive systems. Intensive tank aquaculture accounts for a yearly produc- tion of 2,000 tons in Hungary (10-15% of total aquac- ulture). Flow-through systems using geothermal water are used for North African catfi sh (Clarias gariepinus X Heterobranchus bidorsalis) farming, producing some 1,800 tons yearly. The production of this species is a success story of Hungarian fi sh culture. The research work started in 1984 and nowadays Hungary is the second largest catfi sh producer in Europe. Caviar-end sturgeon farming in recirculation systems (RASs) is practised in 5-6 farms, producing 50-80 tons of meat and 2-3 tons of roe annually. Cold water aquaculture is not signifi cant in Hungary, three farms produce some 30-60 tons of trout annually. Barramundi is produced in RAS and European catfi sh (Silurus glanis) is produced in cages in one farm.
R&D AND INNOVATION
Hungary is one of the most active participants in R&D projects of the EU’s 6th and 7th Framework Programs,
www.fishfarmer-magazine.com
THE Crown Estate is calling for nominations and entries for this year’s Scottish Marine Aquaculture Awards. There are nine award categories and entries are welcomed
from individuals, companies and other organisations involved in the Scottish marine aquaculture industry who employ the highest standards of aquaculture husbandry; supply Scottish
mainly through the activity of the Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI). HAKI is an important participant in EU projects, with components aimed at the development of pond fi sh farming technolo- gies and the breeding of productive and disease-resistant common carp varieties – such as Sustainaqua, Aquamax and Eurocarp. In Hungary, just like in other Eastern Euro- pean countries, the great challenge is how to make con- ventional pond fi sh production viable, taking into account the increasing competition for freshwater resources and the changing market needs. As a result of these recent R&D projects, new systems and technologies are available for practical application. In combined intensive and extensive (CIE) systems high val- ue species are produced intensively in a small production unit, while the excess nutrients of the intensive system
Opposite page: paddlefish have great potential. Clockwise from top left: the recirculation system at HAKI; selecting carp broodstock; producing African catfish using geothermal water; a striped bass hybrid
16 06/03/2013 10:56:33
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