UN Fact-Finding
which in 2006 led to its replacement by the Human Rights Council, the Commission was the motor behind the adop- tion of a comprehensive set of legislative instruments, in- cluding the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948), and the creation of the UN human rights monitoring sys- tem. In 1967, the foundations of that system were laid down, when the Commission established ad hoc working groups to investigate the human rights violations commit- ted by the South African apartheid regime and by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.
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In the 1980s the Commission decided to create perma- nent missions that could more consistently address spe- cific areas of concern. It established thematic mandates that dealt with certain human rights themes, and country mandates that aimed to investigate the human rights vio- lations in a designated country. Together, these mandates are called the Special Procedures. Currently, there are 35 thematic mandates covering civil and political issues (e.g. enforced disappearances, extrajudicial executions, and torture), as well as economic and social issues (e.g. adequate housing, education, and freedom of expression and religion). Additionally, there are ten country mandates for Cambodia, Iran, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Myanmar, North Ko- rea, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Somalia, Sudan, and Syria.
With its first session, in June 2006, the Human Rights Council replaced the Commission on Human Rights. The Council consists of 47 non-permanent member states, based on a slightly different geographical distribution than its predecessor. It was assigned the task of working to- gether with the Special Procedures and improving this mechanism. Since its inception, the Human Rights Coun- cil has added eight new thematic mandates, extended nu- merous others, and added four country mandates, while extending six.
Mandate-Holders and Mandates
The Special Procedures mandates can be given to a single expert, usually called Special Rapporteur or Independent Expert, or to a group of experts, called a Working Group. These mandate-holders are independent experts, who are elected for either a period of three years with possible re- election of another three years for thematic mandates, or
ILSA Quarterly » volume 20 » issue 3 » February 2012
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