with an abundance of vacant green lots. In either case, new and attractive green infrastructure can make urban neighbourhoods and waterfronts more liveable and hence may drive up property values, to the detriment of residents on lower incomes. The equitable distribution of a variety of high-quality parks and open spaces can counter pressures for this “green gentrification”.


Transitional measures such as climate action investment planning workshops and social network development with neighbourhood groups, urban practitioners and public and private sector actors can prepare all stakeholders to make informed infrastructure proposals, participate in selecting alternatives and negotiate the geographic allocation of climate infrastructure investments. As an example, Decidim digital platform is used by some cities for strategic planning, participatory budgeting initiatives, public consultations and other participatory and communication processes (Solecki et al. 2021). Another key transitional strategy is the provision of redistributive hazard insurance. In Houston, for example, low-income minority neighbourhoods are prioritized for flood protection funding, rather than allocating these resources based on the value of at-risk properties, which would favour wealthier neighbourhoods (Flavelle 2020). Similarly, in Manizales, Colombia, earthquake insurance requires more affluent households to pay insurance premiums that cover protection for low-income ones (Marulanda et al. 2014).


c. Multispecies and nature-positive strategies Thirdly, based on sound science and local knowledge, multispecies and nature-positive strategies should advance along two simultaneous tracks:


1. Urban biodiversity plans and habitat designs that protect areas of high biodiversity from disruption and development, create single and multispecies habitat and landscape corridors and restore habitat where possible while addressing the novel ecosystems that will inevitably appear as ecozones shift in response to


changing temperature and precipitation regimes that alter habitat character. Biodiversity plans also support water, nutrient and energy cycles to sustain ecosystem services and evolutionary processes through biodiversity (Parris et al. 2018). Planning and design should preserve and expand urban forests, bioreserves and stepping- stone habitats, maintain natural drainage lines, retain and use storm water, and develop grey, green and blue infrastructure projects, such as the restoration of urban rivers and streams and the creation of green roofs and walls. This infrastructure can enhance biodiversity, integrate plant conservation strategies and use vacant, neglected and newly available spaces to increase habitats (Parris et al. 2018).


2. Multispecies disaster preparedness plans that recognize the vital role played by companion animals, domestic animals, urban wildlife and plants in the quality of urban life. Efficient metropolitan land use should be prioritized to minimize the loss of wildlands. Moving towards a circular economy can limit use of virgin materials such as forest products upon which animals depend and prevent pollution and waste from entering the environment (for example, plastics and novel chemical pollutants). Promoting low- carbon, high-nutrition, plant-based diets avoid or at least reduce greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture, save water, feed more people and respect non-human lives.


Transitional measures include explicitly identifying the most vulnerable communities and creating facilities and approaches to meet immediate needs. These are likely to include emergency alert systems and neighbourhood relief and recovery centres that can be quickly set up in the advent of extreme events like floods and fires. These centres must consider gender and safety issues to be able to meet needs for shelter, health care and food security (the latter supported by robust local and regional food systems). Transitional measures also include recognizing sociocultural


Cities that Work for People and Planet 81


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