Sensitivity Measures the magnitude and rate of response in proportion to the magnitude and rate of climate change.; The degree to which an agroecological or socio-economic system responds, both positively and negatively, to a given change.
Sewage Liquid waste matter, usually containing human excrement.
Sink Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.
Smart Cities A smart city is a designation given to a city that incorporates information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance the quality and performance of urban services such as energy, transportation and utilities in order to reduce resource consumption, wastage and overall costs. The overarching aim of a smart city is to enhance the quality of living for its citizens through smart technology.
Social distancing Also called ‘physical distancing’, means keeping six feet (two meters) of space between yourself and other people outside of your home, not gathering in groups, staying out of crowded places and avoiding mass gatherings.
Social network A social structure made up of a set of actors, such as individuals or organizations, and the ties between these actors, such as relationships, connections or interactions.
Socioeconomic Of, relating to, or involving a combination of social and economic factors.
Soil
The upper layer of the Earth’s crust transformed by weathering and physical/chemical and biological processes. It is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and living organisms organized in genetic soil horizons.
Soil health
The capacity of soil to function as a living system.; The continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, promote the quality of air and water environments, and maintain plant, animal, and human health.
Soil pollution It refers to the presence of a chemical or substance out of place and/or present at higher than normal concentration that has adverse effects on non-target organisms.
Soil sealing It refers to the permanent covering of the soil surface with impermeable artificial materials such as asphalt and concrete.
142 GEO for Cities
Source Any process, activity or mechanism that releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas or aerosol into the atmosphere.
Spatial planning Spatial planning is a process that should consider the social, economic, environmental and governance objectives of sustainable development, in order to aim at an integrated management of land, water and living resources for the development of aquaculture and expansion of the sector in a sustainable and equitable way, including mitigation measures for changing climatic conditions.
Species diversity Biodiversity at the species level, often combining aspects of species richness, their relative abundance and their dissimilarity.
Species richness
The number of species within a given sample, community or area.
Surface water All water naturally open to the atmosphere, including rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams, impoundments, seas and estuaries. The term also covers springs, wells or other collectors of water that are directly influenced by surface waters.
Sustainability A characteristic or state whereby the needs of the present population can be met without compromising the ability of future generations or populations in other locations to meet their needs.
Sustainable development Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Synergies
These arise when two or more processes, organizations, substances or other agents interact in such a way that the outcome is greater than the sum of their separate effects.
Technology Physical artefacts or the bodies of knowledge of which they are an expression. Examples are water extraction structures, such as tube wells, renewable energy technologies and traditional knowledge. Technology and institutions are related. Any technology has a set of practices, rules and regulations surrounding its use, access, distribution and management.
Telecoupling
Socioeconomic and environmental interactions between distant coupled human and natural systems and has become more extensive and intensive in the globalized era.
Threshold The level of magnitude of a system process at which sudden or rapid change occurs. A point or level at which new properties emerge in an ecological, economic or other
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