freshwater used in the operations of an FVC, from the delivery of inputs at the production stage to consumption in end markets.


Water quality


The chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose.


Water scarcity


Occurs when annual water supplies drop below 1 000 m3 per person, or when more than 40 percent of available water is used.


Water security A term that broadly refers to the sustainable use and protection of water systems, the protection against water related hazards (floods and droughts), the sustainable development of water resources and the safeguarding of (access to) water functions and services for humans and the environment.


Water stress


Occurs when low water supplies limit food production and economic development and affect human health. An area is experiencing water stress when annual water supplies drop below 1 700 m3


per person.


Water supply The amount of water which is available or made available for use.


Wetland Area of marsh, fen, peatland, bog or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water to a depth, at low tide, that does not exceed 6 metres.


Wildlife Wild animals collectively; the native fauna (and sometimes flora) of a region.


Zika virus A mosquito-borne flavivirus first identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys. Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes, which bite during the day. Most people infected with the Zika virus do not develop symptoms, and those that do suffer mild symptoms (fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise or headache) for 2–7 days. Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause infants to be born with microcephaly and other congenital malformations, known as congenital Zika syndrome, and is associated with other complications of pregnancy, including preterm birth and miscarriage. Outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been reported in Africa, Asia and the Americas.


Zoonoses


Diseases that can spread between animals and people, moving from wild and domesticated animals to humans and from humans to animals. Every year, nearly 60,000 people die from rabies, and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza, Ebola and Rift Valley fever constitute additional threats. These diseases affect not only human health but also animal health and welfare by causing lowered productivity (e.g. in terms of milk or egg quality and safety) or death, with significant harm to farmer livelihoods and national economies. The current COVID-19 pandemic is a zoonotic disease.


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GEO for Cities


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