Carbon intensity The amount of emissions of CO2


released per unit of


another variable such as gross domestic product, output energy use, transport or agricultural/forestry products.


Circular economy A circular economy is a systems approach to industrial processes and economic activity that enables resources used to maintain their highest value for as long as possible. Key considerations in implementing a circular economy are reducing and rethinking research use, and the pursuit of longevity, renewability, reusability, reparability, replaceability, upgradability for resources and products that are used.


Circular City A city that eliminates waste, keeps goods and their ingredients in use and regenerates natural systems. This can involve more distributed ways of managing resources, including exchanging or renting goods instead of buying them.


City region An urban development on a massive scale: a major city that expands beyond administrative boundaries to engulf small cities, towns and semi-urban and rural hinterlands, sometimes expanding sufficiently to merge with other cities, forming large conurbations that eventually become City region.


Civil society The aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions representing the interests and will of citizens.


Climate Change The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change defines climate change as “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.”


Climate variability Variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations and the occurrence of extremes) of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes in the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability).


Coastal area In general, a geographical area of land and water along the coast, affected by the biological and physical processes of both the terrestrial and marine environments.


Coastal environment An environment in which the coast is a significant element or part. The extent of the coastal environment will vary


from place to place depending on how much it affects, or is affected by, coastal processes and the management issues concerned. It includes at least three distinct, but inter- related, parts: the coastal marine area, the active coastal zone, and the land back-drop.


Coastal planning Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning (CMSP) is about proper use and management of ocean and coastal spaces based on publicly agreed upon goals and objectives. It is about ensuring that marine uses are compatible and occur in areas where environmental effects are avoided or minimized. The need for CMSP is the result of increasing competition for ocean space by existing and emerging users.


Coastal zone


The geomorphologic area either side of the seashore, in which the interaction between the marine and land parts occurs in the form of complex ecological and resource systems, made up of biotic and abiotic components, coexisting and interacting with human communities and relevant socio-economic activities.


Co-benefits The positive effects that a policy or measure aimed at one objective might have on other objectives, without yet evaluating the net effect on overall social welfare. Co- benefits are often subject to uncertainty and depend on, among others, local circumstances and implementation practices. Co-benefits are often referred to as ancillary benefits.


Conservation The protection, care, management and maintenance of ecosystems, habitats, wildlife species and populations, within or outside of their natural environments, in order to safeguard the natural conditions for their long-term permanence.


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Illness caused by a novel coronavirus, ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2’ (SARS-CoV-2), which was first identified amid an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in East Asia. The outbreak was first reported to WHO on 31 December 2019. On 30 January 2020, WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global health emergency and the following March a global pandemic, WHO’s first such designation since declaring H1N1 influenza a pandemic in 2009.


Critical habitat Geographic area containing physical or biological features essential to the conservation of a listed species or an area that may require special management considerations or protection.


Crop (The total amount collected of) a plant such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable grown in large amounts.


Appendix 133


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