of potential uses of land in order to decide on the optimal pattern of land use. Land-use planning and systematic conservation planning has seldom been explored explicitly as a tool in global scenarios.


Landslide A slope mass earth movement where a soil or substrata mass slides over a contact surface called sliding surface.


Life-cycle analysis A technique to assess the environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life of a product – from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling (cradle-to-grave).


Literacy The ability to read and write.


Livelihood (The way someone earns) the money people need to pay for food, a place to live, clothing, etc.


Lock-in


Lock-in occurs when a market is stuck with a standard even though participants would be better off with an alternative.


Mainstreaming Taking into consideration as an integral part of the issue in question.


Mangrove A tree or shrub that grows in chiefly tropical coastal swamps that are flooded at high tide. Mangroves typically have numerous tangled roots above ground and form dense thickets.


Mariculture The cultivation of marine organisms in their natural environment.


Marine


By marine is meant coastal and offshore waters in which the salinity is maximal and not subject to significant daily and seasonal variation.


Megacities Urban areas with more than 10 million inhabitants.


Microplastics


Small plastic pieces, less than five millimeters long which can be harmful to our ocean and aquatic life.


Mitigation In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce the sources, or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power, improving the insulation of buildings, and expanding forests and other ‘sinks’ to remove greater amounts of CO2


from the atmosphere.


Morphology (1) The physical characteristics of living organisms. (2) The branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures.


Municipal solid waste A mixture of domestic, small-scale industrial and demolition solid wastes generated within a community.


Natural capital


Natural assets in their role of providing natural resource inputs and environmental services for economic production. Natural capital includes land, minerals and fossil fuels, solar energy, water, living organisms, and the services provided by the interactions of all these elements in ecological systems.


Natural environment All living and non-living things that occur naturally on a particular region where human impact is kept under a certain limited level.


Natural hazard Natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.


Natural heritage Natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view; geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation; natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.


Natural resources


Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.


Nature’s contributions to people All the contributions, both positive and negative, of living nature (diversity of organisms, ecosystems, and their associated ecological and evolutionary processes) to people’s quality of life.


Nature-based solution Actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits.


Nature positive Enhancing the resilience of our planet and societies to halt and reverse nature loss.


Appendix 139


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