appropriate for men and women. In addition to the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, gender also refers to the relations between women and those between men. These attributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialization processes. They are context/ time-specific and changeable. Gender determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a woman or a man in a given context. Gender is part of the broader socio- cultural context, as are other important criteria for socio- cultural analysis including class, race, poverty level, ethnic group, sexual orientation, age, etc.
Gender empowerment In its broadest sense, it is the expansion of freedom of choice and action. It means increasing one’s authority and control over the resources and decisions that affect one’s life. As people exercise real choice, they gain increased control over their lives. Poor people’s choices are extremely limited, both by their lack of assets and by their powerlessness to negotiate better terms for themselves with a range of institutions, both formal and informal.
Global commons
Natural un-owned assets such as the atmosphere, oceans, outer space and the Antarctic.
Global warming Increase in surface air temperature, referred to as the global temperature, induced by emissions of greenhouse gases into the air.
Globalization The increasing integration of economies and societies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows, and the transfer of culture and technology.
Governance The act, process, or power of governing for the organization of society/ies. For example, there is governance through the state, the market, or through civil society groups and local organizations. Governance is exercised through institutions: laws, property-rights systems and forms of social organization.
Green economy There is no internationally agreed definition of green economy and at least eight separate definitions were identified in recent publications. For example, UNEP has defined the green economy as “one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. It is low carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive” (UNEP, 2011). This definition has been cited in a number of more recent reports, including by the UNEMG and the OECD. Another definition for green economy offered by the Green Economy Coalition (a group of NGOs, trade union groups and others doing grassroots work on a green economy) succinctly defines green economy as “a resilient economy that provides a better quality of life for all within the ecological limits of the planet.”
Green infrastructure A strategically planned network of high quality natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity in both rural and urban settings.; A network of multi-functional green space, urban and rural, which is capable of delivering a wide range of environmental and quality of life benefits for local communities.
Green job A green job is work in agricultural, manufacturing, research and development (R&D), administrative, and service activities that contribute(s) substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality. Specifically, but not exclusively, this includes jobs that help to protect ecosystems and biodiversity; reduce energy, materials, and water consumption through high efficiency strategies; de- carbonize the economy; and minimize or altogether avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution.”.
Green roof They are an extension of the existing roof which involves a high quality water proofing and root repellent system, a drainage system, filter cloth, and a lightweight growing medium and plants. Green roofs reduce storm water runoff, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. They also represent opportunities for significant social, economic and environmental benefits, particularly in urban settings.
Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit thermal radiation. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H2 carbon dioxide (CO2 ozone (O3
O), ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), methane (CH4 ) and ) are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s
atmosphere. There are human-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as halocarbons and other chlorine- and bromine-containing substances. Beside CO2 CH4 (SF6
, N2 O and and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 methane (CH4
, the Kyoto Protocol deals with sulphur hexafluoride ), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) ).; The atmospheric gases
responsible for causing global warming and climatic change. The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2
), ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O). Less prevalent,
but very powerful, GHGs are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6
).
Grey water Water the quality of which has been adversely affected by human use, in industrial, agriculture or domestically. The grey water footprint of a product is an indicator of freshwater pollution that can be associated with the production of a product over its full supply chain. It is defined as the volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants based on natural background concentrations and existing ambient water quality standards. It is calculated as the volume of water that is required to dilute pollutants to such an extent that the quality of the water remains above agreed water quality standards.
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