Rosenfeld, J.S. (2002). Functional redundancy in ecology and conservation. Oikos 98(1), 156-162.
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980116.x.
Roy, A. (2009). The 21st -century metropolis: New geographies of theory. Regional Studies 43(6), 819-830.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400701809665.
Royer, S.-J., Ferrón, S., Wilson, S.T. and Karl, D.M. (2018). Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment. PLOS ONE 13(8), e0200574.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200574.
Safi, A., Rachid, G., El-Fadel, M., Doummar, J., Abou Najm, M. and Alameddine, I. (2018). Synergy of climate change and local pressures on saltwater intrusion in coastal urban areas: Effective adaptation for policy planning. Water International 43(2), 145-164.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0250 8060.2018.1434957.
Sarma, K.G.S. (2015). Siltation and coastal erosion at shoreline harbours. Procedia Engineering116, 12-19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.259.
Satterthwaite, D. (2011). How urban societies can adapt to resource shortage and climate change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369(1942), 1762-1783.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0350.
Satterthwaite, D., Archer, D., Colenbrander, S., Dodman, D., Hardoy, J., Mitlin, D. et al. (2020). Building resilience to climate change in informal settlements. One Earth 2(2), 143-156. https://doi. org/10.1016/
j.oneear.2020.02.002.
Saunois, M., Stavert, A.R., Poulter, B., Bousquet, P., Canadell, J.G., Jackson, R.B. et al. (2020). The global Methane budget 2000–2017. Earth System Science Data 12(3), 1561-1623. http://doi. org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020.
Sax, D.F. and Gaines, S.D. (2003). Species diversity: from global decreases to local increases. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18(11), 561-566.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00224-6.
Schäffler, A. and Swilling, M. (2013). Valuing green infrastructure in an urban environment under pressure — The Johannesburg case. Ecological Economics 86, 246-257.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecolecon.2012.05.008.
Schiermeier, Q. (2020). Why pollution is falling in some cities but not others. Nature 580(7803), 313.
https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01049-6.
Seto, K.C., Reenberg, A., Boone, C.G., Fragkias, M., Haase, D., Langanke, T. et al. (2012). Urban land teleconnections and sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109(20), 7687-7692.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117622109.
Seto, K.C. and Reenberg, A. (2014). Rethinking global land use in an urban era: An introduction. In Rethinking Global Land Use in an Urban Era. Seto, K.C. and Reenberg, A. (eds.). MIT Press. 1-7,
https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7551/ mitpress/9780262026901.001.0001/upso-9780262026901-chapter-1.
Seto, K.C., Davis, S.J., Mitchell, R.B., Stokes, E.C., Unruh, G. and Ürge-Vorsatz, D. (2016). Carbon lock-in: Types, causes, and policy implications. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 41(1), 425-452.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085934.
Seto, K.C., Golden, J.S., Alberti, M. and Turner, B.L. (2017). Sustainability in an urbanizing planet. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(34), 8935.
https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1606037114.
Sharley, D.J., Sharp, S.M., Marshall, S., Jeppe, K. and Pettigrove, V.J. (2017). Linking urban land use to pollutants in constructed wetlands: Implications for stormwater and urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning 162, 80-91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.12.016.
Shi, X. and Brasseur, G.P. (2020). The response in air quality to the reduction of Chinese economic activities during the COVID-19 outbreak. Geophysical Research Letters 47(11), e2020GL088070.
http://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088070.
Soleimani, Z., Teymouri, P., Darvishi Boloorani, A., Mesdaghinia, A., Middleton, N. and Griffin, D.W. (2020). An overview of bioaerosol load and health impacts associated with dust storms: A focus on the Middle East. Atmospheric Environment 223, 117187.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j. atmosenv.2019.117187.
Sverdlik, A. (2011). Ill-health and poverty: A literature review on health in informal settlements. Environment and Urbanization 23(1), 123-155.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247811398604.
Taylor, L. and Hochuli, D.F. (2015). Creating better cities: how biodiversity and ecosystem functioning enhance urban residents’ wellbeing. Urban Ecosystems 18(3), 747-762. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11252-014-0427-3.
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2011). TEEB Manual for Cities: Ecosystem Services in Urban Management. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB). Geneva.
http://teebweb.org/publications/other/teeb-cities/.
The Lancet (2012). Shaping cities for health: A UCL/Lancet Commission. The Lancet 379(9831), 2023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60870-8.
The Nature Conservancy (2018). Nature in the Urban Century: A Global Assessment of Where and How to Conserve Nature for Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing. Arlington.
https://www.nature.org/ en-us/what-we-do/our-insights/perspectives/nature-in-the-urban-century/.
Tibbetts, J. (2002). Coastal cities: Living on the edge. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(11), A674-A681.
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.110-a674.
Todd, P.A., Heery, E.C., Loke, L.H.L., Thurstan, R.H., Kotze, D.J. and Swan, C. (2019). Towards an urban marine ecology: Characterizing the drivers, patterns and processes of marine ecosystems in coastal cities. Oikos 128(9), 1215-1242.
https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.05946.
Turton, A., Schultz, C., Buckle, H., Kgomongoe, M., Malungani, T. and Drackner, M. (2006). Gold, scorched earth and water: The hydropolitics of Johannesburg. International Journal of Water Resources Development 22(2), 313-335.
http://doi.org/10.1080/07900620600649827.
Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kaźmierczak, A., Niemela, J. et al. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning 81(3), 167-178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j. landurbplan.2007.02.001.
United Nations(2018). The World’s Cities in 2018: Data Booklet.
https://www.un.org/en/events/ citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf.
United Nations (2019). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. New York, NY. https://
population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf.
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2017). Global Land Outlook. Bonn. https://
www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/documents/2017-09/GLO_Full_Report_low_res.pdf.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2019). Protecting the Air We Breathe: 40 Years of Cooperation Under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Geneva.
https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/lrtap/Publications/1914867_E_ECE_EB_AIR_ NONE_2019_3_200dpi.pdf.
United Nations Environment Programme (2015). Global Waste Management Outlook. https://www.
unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-waste-management-outlook.
United Nations Environment Programme (2016a). A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards A Global Assessment. Nairobi.
https://uneplive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/ unep_wwqa_report_web.pdf.
United Nations Environment Programme (2016b). Global Gender and Environment Outlook: The Critical Issues. Nairobi.
https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-gender-and- environment-outlook-ggeo.
United Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal (2016). Marine Litter Vital Graphics. Nairobi.
https://www.grida.no/publications/60.
United Nations Environment Programme, World Meteorological Organization and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2016). Global Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
https://uneplive.unep.org/redesign/media/docs/ assessments/global_assessment_of_sand_and_dust_storms.pdf.
United Nations Environment Programme (2019). Global Environment Outlook – GEO- 6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People. Nairobi: Cambridge University Press. https://doi. org/10.1017/9781108627146.
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2015). Habitat III Issue Papers: 10 - Urban-Rural Linkages. United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development. New York, 31 May 2015. 0-8
http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/Habitat-III-Issue-Paper-10_Urban-Rural- Linkages-2.0.pdf Accessed 16 March 2020
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2016). World Cities Report 2016: Urbanization and Development - Emerging Futures. Nairobi.
https://wcr.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ WCR-2016-Full-Report.pdf.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2019). 2018: Extreme weather events affected 60m people.
https://www.undrr.org/news/2018extreme-weather-events-affected-60m-people. Accessed 6 April 2020.
United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2020). NASA-NOAA’s Suomi NPP Satellite Analyzes Saharan Dust Aerosol Blanket.
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/ nasa-noaa-s-suomi-npp-satellite-analyzes-saharan-dust-aerosol-blanket. Accessed 30 September 2020.
van den Brandeler, F., Gupta, J. and Hordijk, M. (2019). Megacities and rivers: Scalar mismatches between urban water management and river basin management. Journal of Hydrology 573, 1067- 1074.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.001.
van den Brandeler, F. (2020). Scalar mismatches in metropolitan water governance: A comparative study of São Paulo and Mexico City. PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam https://hdl.handle. net/11245.1/
9a84eff5-dcf5-4d20-a99d-5727451e10f3.Accessed 06 June 2020.
van den Brandeler, F. and Gupta, J. (2020). The evolution of water resources management. In Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems. Fath, B. and Jorgensen, S.E. (eds.). https://
www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003045045/chapters/10.1201/9781003045045-25
van Puijenbroek, P.J.T.M., Beusen, A.H.W. and Bouwman, A.F. (2019). Global Nitrogen and Phosphorus in urban waste water based on the shared socio-economic pathways. Journal of Environmental Management 231, 446-456.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2018.10.048.
Vardoulakis, S., Jalaludin, B.B., Morgan, G.G., Hanigan, I.C. and Johnston, F.H. (2020). Bushfire smoke: Urgent need for a national health protection strategy. Medical Journal of Australia 212(8), 349-353.e341.
https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50511.
Vardoulakis, S. and Kinney, P. (2019). Grand challenges in sustainable cities and health. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities 1(7).
https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2019.00007.
Villa, F., Bagstad, K.J., Voigt, B., Johnson, G.W., Athanasiadis, I.N. and Balbi, S. (2014). The misconception of ecosystem disservices: How a catchy term may yield the wrong messages for science and society. Ecosystem Services 10, 52-53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.09.003.
Vitousek, S., Barnard, P.L., Fletcher, C.H., Frazer, N., Erikson, L. and Storlazzi, C.D. (2017). Doubling of coastal flooding frequency within decades due to sea-level rise. Scientific Reports 7(1), 1399.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01362-7.
Walker, B.H. (1992). Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biology 6(1), 18-23.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385847.
Walkinshaw, C., Lindeque, P.K., Thompson, R., Tolhurst, T. and Cole, M. (2020). Microplastics and seafood: Lower trophic organisms at highest risk of contamination. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 190, 110066.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110066.
Williams, D.S., Máñez Costa, M., Sutherland, C., Celliers, L. and Scheffran, J. (2019). Vulnerability of informal settlements in the context of rapid urbanization and climate change. Environment and Urbanization 31(1), 157-176.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247818819694.
Williams, N.S.G., Schwartz, M.W., Vesk, P.A., McCarthy, M.A., Hahs, A.K., Clemants, S.E. et al. (2009). A conceptual framework for predicting the effects of urban environments on floras. Journal of Ecology 97(1), 4-9.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01460.x.
World Health Organization (2016a). Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. Geneva.
https://www.who.int/phe/publications/air-pollution-global- assessment/en/.
World Health Organization (2016b). Health as the Pulse of the New Urban Agenda. United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development. Quito.
https://www.who.int/phe/ publications/urban-health/en/
World Health Organization (2020a). Air pollution: Air pollution infographics.
https://www.who.int/ airpollution/infographics/en/ (Accessed: 02 April 2020).
World Health Organization (2020b). Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Waste Management for the COVID-19 virus. Technical Brief. Geneva.
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ handle/10665/331305/WHO-2019-NcOV-IPC_WASH-2020.1-eng.pdf.
World Meteorological Organization (2019a). WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2018. Geneva. https://
library.wmo.int/
doc_num.php?explnum_id=10100.
World Meteorological Organization (2019b). WMO Airborne Dust Bulletin: Sand and Dust Storm – Warning Advisory and Assessment System. Geneva.
https://library.wmo.int/doc_num. php?explnum_id=6268.
Xiang, Z., Sheng, H., Yang, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, N. et al. (2019). Urban drought challenge to 2030 sustainable development goals. Science of the Total Environment(693). https://doi. org/10.1016/
j.scitotenv.2019.07.342.
Xie, W., Huang, Q., He, C. and Zhao, X. (2018). Projecting the impacts of urban expansion on simultaneous losses of ecosystem services: A case study in Beijing, China. Ecological Indicators 84, 183-193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.055.
Zeng, L. and Ramaswami, A. (2020). Impact of locational choices and consumer behaviors on personal land footprints: An exploration across the urban–rural continuum in the United States. Environmental Science & Technology 54(6), 3091-3102.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs. est.9b06024.
Zhou, B., Rybski, D. and Kropp, J.P. (2017). The role of city size and urban form in the surface urban heat island. Scientific Reports 7(1), 4791.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04242-2.
Zhu, Y.-G., Gillings, M., Simonet, P., Stekel, D., Banwart, S. and Penuelas, J. (2017). Microbial mass movements. Science 357(6356), 1099.
http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao3007.
The State of the Environment in Cities
63
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146
